The torque–velocity relationship in large human muscles: Maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour

Pain, Matthew T.G.; Young, Fraser; Kim, Jin-Woo; Forrester, Stephanie E.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.052

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system is limited by maximum muscle strength, typically measured as the maximum voluntary torque (MVT) that can be generated around a joint. MVT is known to be dependent on the angle and angular velocity of the joint, in a manner well explained by the MVT-angle-velocity relationships (Anderson et al, 2007;Pain et al, 2013;Yeadon et al, 2006). When contracting from a low or resting state, it takes >100 ms to achieve the MVT available at a given joint angle and angular velocity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraction speed and type influences rapid utilisation of available muscle force: neural and contractile mechanisms

Tillin

Pain

Folland

2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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This study investigated the influence of contraction speed and type on the human ability to rapidly increase torque and utilise the available maximum voluntary torque (MVT) as well as the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning any effects. Fifteen young, healthy males completed explosive voluntary knee extensions in five conditions: isometric (ISO), and both concentric and eccentric at two constant accelerations of 500 deg s −2 (CON SLOW and ECC SLOW) and 2000 deg s −2 (CON FAST and ECC FAST). Explosive torque and quadriceps EMG were recorded every 25 ms up to 150 ms from their respective onsets and normalised to the available MVT and EMG at MVT, respectively, specific to that joint angle and velocity. Neural efficacy (explosive voluntary:evoked octet torque) was also measured, and torque data were entered into a Hill-type muscle model to estimate muscle performance. Explosive torques normalised to MVT (and normalised muscle forces) were greatest in the concentric followed by the isometric and eccentric conditions, and in the fast compared with slow speeds within the same contraction type (CON FAST >CON SLOW >ISO, and ECC FAST >ECC SLOW). Normalised explosive-phase EMG and neural efficacy were greatest in concentric conditions, followed by isometric and eccentric conditions, but were similar for fast and slow contractions of the same type. Thus, distinct neuromuscular activation appeared to explain the effect of contraction type but not speed on normalised explosive torque, suggesting the speed effect is an intrinsic contractile property. These results provide novel evidence that the ability to rapidly increase torque/force and utilise the available MVT is influenced by both contraction type and speed, owing to neural and contractile mechanisms, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraction speed and type influences rapid utilisation of available muscle force: neural and contractile mechanisms

Tillin

Pain

Folland

2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…First, the velocity used in their training was relatively slow (45°·s −1 ). It is known that maximum torque decreases hyperbolically with increasing velocity during CON contractions, while it increases with increasing velocity until a certain point (e.g., ~200°·s −1 for the knee extensors [ 8 ]) during ECC contractions. Thus, to accentuate the difference in the mechanical loading between the training modes, the velocity should be relatively fast (e.g., 150°·s −1 −200°·s −1 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Work-matched Maximal Eccentric versus Concentric Training

Maeo

Shan

Otsuka

et al. 2018

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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It is unclear whether the superiority of eccentric over concentric training on neuromuscular improvements is due to higher torque (mechanical loading) achievable during eccentric contractions or due to resulting greater total work.PurposeThis study aimed to examine neuromuscular adaptations after maximal eccentric versus concentric training matched for total work.MethodsTwelve males conducted single-joint isokinetic (180°·s−1) maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensors in one leg (ECC-leg) and concentric in the other (CON-leg), 6 sets per session (3–5 sets in the initial 1–3 sessions), 2 sessions per week for 10 wk. The preceding leg performed 10 repetitions per set. The following leg conducted the equivalent volume of work. In addition to peak torque during training, agonist EMG and MRI-based anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) and transverse relaxation time (T2) at midthigh as reflective of neural drive, hypertrophy, and edema, respectively, were assessed weekly throughout the training period and pre- and posttraining. Whole muscle volume was also measured pre- and posttraining.ResultsTorque and EMG (in trained contraction conditions) significantly increased in both legs after week 1 (W1) and week 4 (W4), respectively, with a greater degree for ECC-leg (torque +76%, EMG +73%: posttraining) than CON-leg (+28%, +20%). ACSA significantly increased after W4 in ECC-leg only (+4%: posttraining), without T2 changes throughout. Muscle volume also increased in ECC-leg only (+4%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes (%Δ) in EMG solely explained 53%–80% and 30%–56% of the total variance in %Δtorque through training in ECC-leg and CON-leg, respectively, with small contributions (+13%–18%) of %ΔACSA for both legs.ConclusionEccentric training induces greater neuromuscular changes than concentric training even when matched for total work, whereas most of the strength gains during 10-wk training are attributable to the increased neural drive.

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“…For the athletes in the study of Amiridis et al (1996) T ecc /T 0 was 1.22 for superposed stimulation. More recently Pain et al (2013) used sub-maximal transcutaneous muscle stimulation, but with a wider range of velocities than previously used, to obtain a T ecc /T 0 of 1.7 for both the quadriceps and hamstrings. In these studies lower absolute eccentric torque is associated with higher T ecc /T 0 ratios and is supportive of the tension limiting hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training induced changes in quadriceps activation during maximal eccentric contractions

Voukelatos

Kirkland

Pain

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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Despite full voluntary effort, neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps group of muscles appears inhibited during eccentric contractions. A nerve stimulation protocol during dynamic contractions of the quadriceps was developed that employed triplets of supramaximal pulses to assess suppressed eccentric activation. Subsequently the effects of a short training intervention, performed on a dynamometer, on eccentric strength output and neural inhibition were examined. Torque-angular velocity (T-ω) and experimental voluntary neural drive-angular velocity (%VA-ω; %VA, obtained via the interpolated twitch technique) datasets, were obtained from pre- and post-training testing sessions. Non-linear regression fits of a seven parameter torque function and of a 3rd degree polynomial were performed on the pre- and post-training T-ω and %VA-ω datasets respectively. T-test showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the overall torque output post-training for the group, with three out of the six subjects demonstrating a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the torque output across the range of angular velocities as shown by the extra-sum-of-squares F-test. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the %VA post-training was also observed as well as a reduction in the plateauing of the torque output during fast eccentric contractions.

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The torque–velocity relationship in large human muscles: Maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Contraction speed and type influences rapid utilisation of available muscle force: neural and contractile mechanisms

Contraction speed and type influences rapid utilisation of available muscle force: neural and contractile mechanisms

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Work-matched Maximal Eccentric versus Concentric Training

Training induced changes in quadriceps activation during maximal eccentric contractions

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