The transit of dosage forms through the colon

Wilson, Clive G.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.044

Cited by 58 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The presence of fat in food slows gastric emptying and such prolongs the residence time in the stomach [139,140]. Food triggers the gastro-colonic reflex, which speeds the motility in the terminal ileum and caecum [141]. The third important change is the composition of the gastrointestinal fluids.…”

Section: Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Herbrink

Nuijen

Schellens

et al. 2015

Cancer Treatment Reviews

114

104

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Section: Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Herbrink

Nuijen

Schellens

et al. 2015

Cancer Treatment Reviews

114

104

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“…A pictorial view of the main absorption processes in the GI tract shown in Figure 2 provides only a small insight into its complexity. For example, the gastric emptying kinetics of drugs as well as the transit of dosage forms through the small intestine and the colon are all critical parameters contributing to the intra‐ and intersubject variability in GI transit 38–40. Obviously, the bioavailability of drugs is highly dependent on their transit through the GI tract.…”

Section: Scientific Aspects Of Oral Drug Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the effect of meals on gastric emptying is pronounced. Although the mean intestinal transit time is around 3–4 h, the colonic transit time varies enormously 40. The interested reader can find a plethora of studies in review articles39,40 dealing with the methods used for the transit of dosage forms through the GI tract.…”

Section: Scientific Aspects Of Oral Drug Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antituberculosis Therapy–Induced Acute Liver Failure: Magnitude, Profile, Prognosis, and Predictors of Outcome

et al. 2010

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Antituberculosis therapy (ATT)–associated acute liver failure (ATT-ALF) is the commonest drug-induced ALF in South Asia. Prospective studies on ATT-ALF are lacking. The current study prospectively evaluated the magnitude, clinical course, outcome, and prognostic factors in ATT-ALF. From January 1986 to January 2009, 1223 consecutive ALF patients were evaluated: ATT alone was the cause in 70 (5.7%) patients. Another 15 (1.2%) had ATT and simultaneous hepatitis virus infection. In 44 (62.8%) patients, ATT was prescribed empirically without definitive evidence of tuberculosis. ATT-ALF patients were younger (32.87 [±15.8] years), and 49 (70%) of them were women. Most had hyperacute presentation; the median icterus encephalopathy interval was 4.5 (0-30) days. The median duration of ATT before ALF was 30 (7-350) days. At presentation, advanced encephalopathy and cerebral edema were present in 51 (76%) and 29 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Gastrointestinal bleed, seizures, infection, and acute renal failure were documented in seven (10%), five (7.1%), 26 (37.1%), and seven (10%) patients, respectively. Compared with hepatitis E virus (HEV) and non-A non-E–induced ALF, ATT-ALF patients had nearly similar presentations except for older age and less elevation of liver enzymes. The mortality rate among patients with ATT-ALF was high (67.1%, n = 47), and only 23 (32.9%) patients recovered with medical treatment. In multivariate analysis, three factors independently predicted mortality: serum bilirubin (≥10.8 mg/dL), prothrombin time (PT) prolongation (≥26 seconds), and grade III/IV encephalopathy at presentation. Conclusion: ATT-ALF constituted 5.7% of ALF at our center and had a high mortality rate. Because the mortality rate is so high, determining which factors are predictors is less important. A high proportion of patients had consumed ATT empirically, which could have been prevented. Hepatology 2010

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“…supra: Scintigraphy), the food or drug matrix spends a considerable time at the ileocecal junction, which functions mechanistically as a valve allowing fecal material to become more concentrated before transfer to the colon (Davis et al, 1986). For time-dependent colonic drug delivery systems, which will release drug after a predetermined lag time, movement through this junction can be a significant variable (Jose et al, 2009; a b c Kinget et al, 1998;Pišlar et al, 2015;Wilson, 2010). Moreover, in case of GI disorders (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), episodes of diarrhea can reduce colonic transit times in such a way that drug delivery at the site of the colon will be inefficient (van der Sijp et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring gastrointestinal variables affecting drug and formulation behavior: Methodologies, challenges and opportunities

Hens

Corsetti

Spiller

et al. 2017

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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(2017) Exploring gastrointestinal variables affecting drug and formulation behavior: methodologies, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 519 (1-2). pp. 79-97. ISSN 1873-3476Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39960/1/FinalVersion-Revised-FOR_EPRINTS_1_YEAR_EMBARGO_ELSEVIER.pdf Copyright and reuse:The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. After oral intake, a drug formulation is challenged by several gastrointestinal (GI) barriers. Complex variables such as pH, GI secretions and GI transit/motility along the GI tract can affect drug release and absorption in a positive or negative way depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug compound (e.g. pH/pKa interplay for ionizable drugs) and/or the formulation characteristics (e.g. pHsensitive coating). In addition, inter-subject variability in characteristics of the GI environment may cause variable drug absorption and systemic drug availability (Riethorst et al., 2015). Determining the median and range for specific GI variables, and understanding how they influence oral drug behavior along the GI tract, will be helpful in the field of drug development. 2The present review provides an overview of different methodologies that can be applied to study physiological variables of the human GI tract and their impact on oral drug absorption in healthy and patient populations. The methodologies have been subdivided into two groups: (i) noninvasive and (ii) invasive methodologies. Although some of the methodologies are more historical than operational, they have been of paramount importance for innovations in drug and formulation development; in addition, they have created the basis for several novel methodologies, leading to an in-depth comprehension of different GI variables: gastric emptying (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), scintigraphy, acetaminophen absorption technique, ultrasonography, breath test, intraluminal sampling and telemetry), motility (MRI, small intestinal/colonic manometry and telemetry), GI volume changes (MRI and ultrasonography), temperature (telemetry) and GI pH (intraluminal sampling and telemetry). Noninvasive methodologiesa. Scintigraphy Disturbances in the normal movement of food along the GI tract can be associated with abdominal pain, early satiety and nausea. Measurement of GI transit, es...

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The transit of dosage forms through the colon

Cited by 58 publications

References 57 publications

Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Antituberculosis Therapy–Induced Acute Liver Failure: Magnitude, Profile, Prognosis, and Predictors of Outcome

Exploring gastrointestinal variables affecting drug and formulation behavior: Methodologies, challenges and opportunities

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