The Transit Regime for Landlocked States

Uprety, Kishor

doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6299-0

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Although being landlocked does not necessarily cause countries to become poor or have low economic growth, 38% of the world's most impoverished societies live in landlocked countries (Collier 2007). Landlocked countries' economic and social development is lower than that of coastal countries (Uprety 2006). They have higher trading costs as a consequence of higher land transport costs for imports and exports (Christ & Ferrantino 2011), owing both to the distance to sea ports and the passage across transit countries' borders (Uprety 2006).…”

Section: Cost Of Being Landlockedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Landlocked countries' economic and social development is lower than that of coastal countries (Uprety 2006). They have higher trading costs as a consequence of higher land transport costs for imports and exports (Christ & Ferrantino 2011), owing both to the distance to sea ports and the passage across transit countries' borders (Uprety 2006).…”

Section: Cost Of Being Landlockedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

Takele

Tolcha

2021

Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management

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Background: Ethiopia has been landlocked since Eritrea, a former province, gained independence. Its imports and exports by sea are now sent via neighbouring coastal states, mainly Djibouti, and it needs to ensure sustainable access to multiple transit corridors.Objective: This article aims to evaluate alternative transit corridors to Ethiopia in terms of basic port infrastructure, and logistics costs. The findings provide insights to inform policy on securing reliable maritime access to the country.Method: This study adopts a case study approach by using secondary data to evaluate alternative transit corridors. Following a critical review of theoretical and empirical literature, descriptive statistics are presented using tables, graphs and charts.Results: Low-cost, high-capacity and high-frequency global maritime freight trade is easier through Djibouti than through Mombasa in Kenya or Port Sudan, owing to its better liner shipping connectivity. Thus, Ethiopia should continue to import containerised cargo through the Port of Djibouti. However, direct access to the sea is also important for national defence and security.Conclusion: Ethiopia should therefore secure access through multiple ports to safeguard national security, regardless of economic feasibility. This can be realised by directing break-bulk, dry bulk and petroleum products through ports in Sudan and Kenya. In addition, particular emphasis should be given to seaports closest to the country’s economic centre, such as Berbera in Somaliland and Asseb and Massawa in Eritrea.

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Section: Cost Of Being Landlockedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cost Of Being Landlockedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

Takele

Tolcha

2021

Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management

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“…In practice, however, the modalities called for in paragraphs (2) and (3) must involve substantial qualifications". 116 Tuerk partly shares the above interpretation stating that "the right of access is made contingent upon bilateral, sub-regional, or regional agreements between the landlocked States and transit States, laying down the terms and modalities for exercising freedom of transit." 117 But Tuerk partly departs from Uprety's position by arguing that such preconditions of the provision were made to "strike a balance between the interests of landlocked States on one hand and those of transit States on the other, (and the provision) can be considered a significant achievement by the landlocked countries."…”

Section: The 1982 Unclosmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EU Maritime Regime and Challenges for Land-locked Developing States: Evidence from Ethiopia

Shale¹

2020

Miz Law Rev

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EU plays a dominant role in international maritime governance, and it has comprehensive maritime policies and strategies that have implications for third States. On the other hand, developing landlocked States (LLS) have the lowest bargaining power in the international maritime arena owing to their economic and geographic position. This article examines the implications of the EU maritime policy for developing LLS. After analysis of primary and secondary data as well as empirical evidence from Ethiopia, it is argued that the EU maritime governance such as its port State control regime and maritime market access regulations could possibly make international maritime trade through the EU waters as well as global maritime trade unaffordable for developing LLS. In view of the inherent challenges encountered by developing LLS and the economic interest of these States, it is submitted that there is a need to accord differential treatment schemes in the maritime field to these States at global as well as at the EU level.

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“…Oppenheim defines servitude as "those exceptional restrictions made by treaty on the territorial supremacy of a State by which a part or the whole of its territory is in a limited way made perpetually to serve a certain purpose or interest of another State." ( Kishor Uprety, 2005) Article 2 Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) requires its member to be able to maintain its aquaculture income and provide aquaculture area (Rachma Indriyani, 2016). Even though RFMO viewed as the referee of high seas, but maintaining sea resource is not an easy task.…”

Section: Laos Geographical Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Laos as Landlocked State and its Surrounding Coastal States

Indriyani

Budyatmojo

Rahman

et al. 2017

yst

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This paper analyzes the problems concerning Laos as a Land-locked state (LLS) rights to gain access of the sea and its resources, including conflicts and disadvantages which may arise regarding Laos and its neighboring states and/or transit states to figure out the best way to get access to fisheries at the sea. This study is normative and conceptual which lead us to discover the rights of landlocked states provided by the UNCLOS being violated or constrained by technical problems and the denial of free transit which is highly influenced by international relation between states. This study revealed the gaps on getting access to natural resources at sea that faced by landlocked State. The results shows that the rights must necessarily be supported with another bilateral/multilateral agreements and organization which may help to manage landlocked states in effort of the realization of their rights

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The Transit Regime for Landlocked States

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

The EU Maritime Regime and Challenges for Land-locked Developing States: Evidence from Ethiopia

The Interplay Between Laos as Landlocked State and its Surrounding Coastal States

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