The uptake of human gamma globulin incorporated into poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles following oral intubation in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarL.

Oral vaccination of fish againstVibrio anguillarumusing alginate microparticles

“…The detection of human gammaglobulin (HGG) over a longer period (>3 weeks) in the head kidney of salmon after oral administration in poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles may indicate sustained release of HGG and suggests that uptake of HGG containing PLGA microparticles can take place (O'Donnell et al, 1996). In contrast, other studies indicate that enterocytes are not able to phagocytose particles (Dalmo et al, 1995;Joosten et al, 1996).…”

Immune- and enzyme histochemical characterisation of leukocyte populations within lymphoid and mucosal tissues of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

“…Absorption of antigen has been reported in posterior intestine epithelium of Atlantic halibut [20]. The intestinal epithelium in teleosts is known to absorb antigen and subsequently transport to intestinal macrophages or to the circulation [17,21]. The gills possess an intricate vasculature [22] and an immune competent leukocyte population [23,24].…”

Parenteral immunization of fish, Labeo rohita with Poly d, l-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) encapsulated antigen microparticles promotes innate and adaptive immune responses

“…Evidence from mammalian studies indicate that biodegradable microparticles may act as efficient antigen delivery vehicles due to their potential advantages of reducing the number of injections, enhancing the immune response and reducing the total antigen dose needed to achieve protection [5e7]. Among the polymeric systems developed, PLGA microspheres have been widely used for controlled delivery of peptides [8], native and synthetic proteins [9] and nucleic acids [10] because of their excellent tissue compatibility, biodegradability, non-toxic nature and their approval by the Food and Drug Administration for safe use in human [6]. The PLGA can also be made into any micro-and nano sizes, with a capability of encapsulating almost any molecule [11].…”