The urban–rural divide: Building the news media agenda in post-genocide Rwanda

Human Security as a Conceptual Framework: The Case of Palestinian Journalists

“…The issues faced by Palestinian journalists-from censorship and challenges to their freedom of movement to arrests and other threats to their physical and mental well-being-are broader than many security frameworks used in journalism studies, which frequently focus on physical security (Hughes and Márquez-Ramírez 2017;Hughes et al 2017b;Kim and Hama-Saeed 2008), media performance and human rights (Cruikshank 2016(Cruikshank , 2017Tumber and Waisbord 2017), and news media in conflict situations (Tumber and Palmer 2004). The human security framework, introduced originally in the international relations literature, identifies an even wider number of human requirements for security than our work suggests would be apt in influences-related research in journalism studies.…”

“…We adapted the human security framework to the field of journalism with seven conceptual spheres: personal, organizational, community/societal, economic, political, geographic, and infrastructural security (Cruikshank 2016;Frère 2007;Hughes et al 2017b;Parsons, Scott, and Landesberg 2009;Reporters Without Borders 2016;UNDP 1994).…”

“…Media ownership can especially affect the daily routine of journalists Reese 1996, 2014). For example, state-owned media sometimes mandate coverage (Cruikshank 2016(Cruikshank , 2017 governments and other external organizations also affect journalists (Cobb, Ross, and Ross 1976).…”

“…Although many contemporary societies have some degree of clientelism, which "refers to a pattern of social organization in which access to social resources is controlled by patrons and delivered to clients in exchange for deference and various kinds of support" (Hallin and Papathanassopoulos 2002, 184), general freedom from deeply clientelistic relationships would be an expectation for an autonomous journalist. That said, a body of literature acknowledges the issue of clientelism in many environments for journalists (Camaj 2016 With regard to geography, the literature notes that some regimes or groups outside of the law often restrict media access to certain areas to prevent negative coverage (Cruikshank 2016;Downman 2013). In other cases, news media are only allowed access in exchange for the ability to censor unfavorable coverage (Franks 2013).…”

“…Limited infrastructure can affect nearly every aspect of a journalist's process and even dictate the popularity of different types of media. For example, the lack of paved roads, accessible transportation, and electricity in some countries has boosted the popularity of radio versus television or newspapers (Cruikshank 2016(Cruikshank , 2017Frère 2007). Furthermore, governments can use access to infrastructure as a means of control.…”