The Use of Cholinesterase Activity in Flounder (Platichthys flesus) Muscle Tissue as a Biomarker of Neurotoxic Contamination in UK Estuaries

Kirby, Mark F.; Morris, Steven; Hurst, Mark R.; Kirby, Sonia J.; Neall, Paula; Tylor, Tina; Fagg, A

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00069-2

Cited by 139 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…Silva et al (2013) also reported constant involuntary muscular contractions followed by mortality in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen submitted to Lippia sidoides, and Benovit et al (2012) reported the same in flounder anaesthetized with Aloysia gratissima. Basil oil and its main component, methyl chavicol (estragole) are recognized as potential pesticides (Kim and Lee, 2014;Pandey et al, 2014) and, according to Kirby et al (2000), some insecticides are potent neurotoxins and exert their toxicity by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter in the sensory and neuromuscular systems of fish. The production of excessive muscular stimulus can be related to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the muscles due to this possible increase of ACh levels, which may also result in tetany, paralysis and eventual death (Kirby et al, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basil oil and its main component, methyl chavicol (estragole) are recognized as potential pesticides (Kim and Lee, 2014;Pandey et al, 2014) and, according to Kirby et al (2000), some insecticides are potent neurotoxins and exert their toxicity by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter in the sensory and neuromuscular systems of fish. The production of excessive muscular stimulus can be related to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the muscles due to this possible increase of ACh levels, which may also result in tetany, paralysis and eventual death (Kirby et al, 2000). Thus, despite the basil present concentrations which promotes analgesic and anaesthetic effects at optimal times of the induction and return, this oil is not indicated for use in A. clarkii as it does not meet the basic requirement of safety for animals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

et al. 2017

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In this study were evaluated the anaesthesia and analgesic effects of clove Eugenia caryophyllata, tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and basil Ocimum basilicum essential oils (EO) during handling of yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii. Juveniles (3.70 ± 0.75 cm and 1.03 ± 0.50 g; mean ± standard deviation) were submitted to concentrations of tea tree oils (n=10/concentration), previously defined in pilot tests. Individually and only once, fish from each treatment were placed in a glass recipient containing 1 L of seawater at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g L -1 and the specific concentration of diluted EO (stock solution). Control (only seawater) and blank (seawater and ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the oils) treatments were also conducted. After reaching the stage of surgical anaesthesia, fish were submitted to biometry and a sensibility test. After that, they were transferred to clean seawater for anaesthesia recovery. The times of induction needed to reach each anaesthesia stage and anaesthesia recovery were recorded. Animals were observed for 72 hours after the procedures. All the EO provoked anaesthesia and analgesic effects in A. clarkii, but basil oil is not recommended because it caused involuntary muscle contractions and mortality in 100% and 12% of fish, respectively. The lower concentrations that promote suitable induction and recovery times are 50 µl L -1 of clove oil and 500 µl L -1 of tea tree oil. However, due to its complementary high analgesic efficiency, clove oil is recommended as the ideal anaesthetic for A. clarkii. , 500 e 600 µl L -1 de melaleuca (n=10/concentração), previamente definidas em testes pilotos. Individualmente e somente uma vez, os peixes de cada tratamento foram colocados em recipiente de vidro contendo 1 L de água salgada, em temperatura de 25 °C, salinidade de 35 g L -1 e a concentração específica de OE diluída (solução estoque). Tratamentos controle (apenas água marinha) e branco (água marinha e a maior concentração de etanol utilizada para diluição dos óleos) também foram conduzidos. Após atingirem o estágio de anestesia cirúrgica, os peixes foram submetidos à biometria e teste de sensibilidade. Em seguida, foram transferidos para água marinha limpa. Os tempos necessários para atingir cada estágio anestésico e recuperação foram registrados. Os animais foram observados por 72 horas após os procedimentos. Todos os OE provocaram anestesia e analgesia em A. clarkii, porém o óleo de manjericão não é recomendado, pois causou contrações musculares involuntárias e mortalidade em 100% e 12% dos animais, respectivamente. As menores concentrações que promovem indução anestésica e recuperação em tempos adequados são 50 µl L -1 de óleo de cravo e 500 µl L -1 de óleo de melaleuca. Entretanto, devido à sua alta eficiência analgésica complementar, o óleo de cravo é recomendado como o anestésico ideal para A. clarkii. Keywords

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

et al. 2017

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“…AChE inhibitors may not necessarily be organophosphates or carbamates but may include other low-level contaminants, such as heavy metals or detergents, present in urban rivers, estuaries and paper mill effluents (Payne et al, 1996). The AChE inhibitors present in treated sewage effluents can have adverse effects on animals and humans (Day and Scott, 1990;Kirby et al, 2000). The current study shows that sewage treatment processes employed at the plants investigated reduced AChE inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Exposure of the freshwater teleost, Channa striatus (Bloch), to fertiliser industry effluents resulted in a significant decrease of AChE activity (Yadav et al, 2009). Studies done on United Kingdom estuaries showed inhibition of flounder fish (Platichthys flesus) muscle AChE activity (Kirby et al, 2000). AChE inhibitors may not necessarily be organophosphates or carbamates but may include other low-level contaminants, such as heavy metals or detergents, present in urban rivers, estuaries and paper mill effluents (Payne et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication: Rapid <i>in vitro</i> tests to determine the toxicity of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents

Hendricks¹,

Pool²

2012

WSA

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Wastewater consists of a complex mixture of substances. During wastewater treatment these harmful substances can be eliminated or degraded. However, persistent compounds released with the treated sewage effluents enter the environment and pose a risk to animal and human life. To determine the potential risks involved, screening tests are needed to monitor wastewater for potential toxic contaminants. The aim of this study was to validate and use screening tests to determine the toxicity of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents from 3 sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa. Raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents were screened for cytotoxicity using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cells as biomarker, for neurotoxicity using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and for genotoxicity using the Save Our Soul (SOS) test. Results showed no cytotoxicity for both raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents from all sewage treatment plants. Raw wastewater from all sewage treatment plants contained AChE inhibitors and sewage treatment processes were not effective at eliminating these AChE inhibitors. Raw wastewater from all sewage treatment plants tested positive for genotoxicity. Treated sewage effluents from all three sewage treatment plants displayed no genotoxicity indicating effective removal of genotoxins by all three sewage treatment plants investigated.

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“…Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in organisms has been widely used as a sensitive biomarker for determining organophosphate and carbamate pesticide exposure in surrounding environment (Kirby et al 2000). Although pesticide residues in the environments may be undetected by chemical assays, the inhibition of ChE activity in organisms may still be detected (Fulton & Key 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic responses of the riceland prawn, Macrobrachium lanchesteri, to chlorpyrifos exposure

2012

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Cholinesterase (ChE) was characterized in whole bodies of adult riceland prawns, Macrobrachium lanchesteri, based on substrate preference and inhibitor sensitivity. M. lanchesteri ChE activity was mainly attributable to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) since it preferentially hydrolyzed an AChE-specific substrate, acetylthiocholine iodide, over s-butyrylthiocholine iodide and was sensitive to 1,5-bis-(4-allyldimethyl-ammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide, a specific inhibitor for AChE. The effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on M. lanchesteri were also investigated. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values for chlorpyrifos were 3.37, 2.76, 2.58 and 2.53 µg L −1 , respectively. Based on these values, adult M. lanchesteri were exposed to 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 µg chlorpyrifos L −1 for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Chlorpyrifos appeared to induce drastic enzymatic responses in M. lanchesteri. AChE activity was inhibited after 24 h of exposure in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The levels of lipid peroxidation increased significantly after 24 h of exposure. However, the activities of the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, and the detoxification enzyme, glutathione S-transferase, were reduced. In conclusion, M. lanchesteri is sensitive to chlorpyrifos and can serve as a bioindicator species for freshwater environmental assessment.

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The Use of Cholinesterase Activity in Flounder (Platichthys flesus) Muscle Tissue as a Biomarker of Neurotoxic Contamination in UK Estuaries

Cited by 139 publications

References 39 publications

Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

Short communication: Rapid <i>in vitro</i> tests to determine the toxicity of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents

Enzymatic responses of the riceland prawn, Macrobrachium lanchesteri, to chlorpyrifos exposure

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