The Use of Electrolyzed Solutions for the Cleaning and Disinfecting of Dialyzers

Abstract

Recently, the use of electrolyzed solutions has attracted considerable interest in Japan. This study investigates the efficiency of electrolyzed solutions as disinfecting agents (DA) in the reuse of dialyzers and compares their efficiency to that of other disinfectants currently in use. The following 3 methods were employed. First, the rinsing time and rebound release of reused dialyzers were measured and compared after electrolyzed solutions, electrolyzed strong acid aqueous solution (ESAAS) and electrolyzed strong basic aqueous solution (ESBAS), made from reverse osmosis (RO) water (ESAAS, ESBAS; Generating apparatuses: Super Oxseed alpha 1000, Amano Corporation, Yokohama, Japan), 2% Dialox-cj (Teijin Gambro Medical, Tokyo, Japan), and 3.8% formalin were used as DAs. This involved performing dialysis with 2 types of dialyzers: a cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) dialyzer and a polysulfone membrane (PSM) dialyzer. The dialyzers were cleaned and disinfected using the different DA and left for 48 h. Next, after performing dialysis the dialyzer membranes were cleaned with a saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and RO water and then cleaned with the various DA. These membranes were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to check for the presence of physical and biological contaminants. Finally, in vitro tests were performed to determine the level of dialyzer clearance when PSM dialyzers were reused after having been cleaned and disinfected with the electrolyzed solutions. The rinsing time results for both the CAM and PSM dialyzers showed the electrolyzed solutions (ESBAS and ESAAS) as being undetectable within 10 min. With regard to the rebound release, for both the CAM and PSM dialyzers, the electrolyzed solutions were undetectable at all checking times between 30 and 240 min. Observation by SEM showed that cleaning with both ESAAS and ESBAS left the fewest contaminants, and cleaning with 2% Dialox-cj left the highest level of contaminants in the CAM dialyzers. With regard to experiments concerning use in vitro, no major changes in the dialyzer clearance were noticed after 6 uses. In every experiment, the previous investigations showed the electrolyzed solutions to be superior to 3. 8% formalin and 2% Dialox-cj DA for the reuse of dialyzers.

Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the cytotoxic effect of acid-electrolyzed water

“…AEW is commonly used in the agricultural and medical fields as a disinfectant for farm and food hygiene (Fabrizio and Cutter, 2004;Northcutt et al, 2007;Guentzel et al, 2008;Cao et al, 2009;Park et al, 2009;Lu et al, 2010;Rahman et al, 2010Rahman et al, , 2011. It is also widely used for the disinfection of medical instruments such as dialyzers (Tanaka et al, 2000), endoscopes (Lee et al, 2004), and dentures (Nagamatsu et al, 2001) because of its potent antimicrobial potential (Kiura et al, 2002;Sharma and Demirci, 2003;Nisola et al, 2011;Rodriguez-Garcia et al, 2011;Feliciano et al, 2012). AEW has potent oxidative power in relation to its antimicrobial potential.…”

The effect of super-oxidized water on the tissues of uterus and ovary: An experimental rat study

“…This solution being used for many conditions including nonorganic and organic surfaces. Currently, it is used in hospital equipments for its beneficial effect on microorganisms as a disinfectant (8). However, the first used super-oxidized solutions had strong acid aqueous content and had potential role of become toxic and hazardous to human surfaces and tissues.…”

Characteristics and Molecular Mechanism of Adhesion Proteins on Reused Hemodialysis Membranes

“…The mechanism of protein adhesion and interaction between proteins is of great importance for the modification of dialysis materials. Positive results have been reported for the use of an electrolyte made from reverse-osmosis water to wash reusable membranes [34,35] , as the variety of consequent reactions were related to protein adhesion, actions of proteins and cells, conformational changes experienced by bio-molecules on membranes, etc. Possible avenues for further exploration include techniques for reducing the adhesion of proteins on polysulfone mem-branes, effective control of complement activation through drugs or other means, reduction of side effects such as inflammation, and increasing the limits of reuse of hemodialysis membranes.…”