The Use of Macro, Micro, and Trace Elemental Profiles to Differentiate Commercial Single Vineyard Pinot noir Wines at a Sub-Regional Level

Abstract

The compositional authentication of wine is of great interest, as the geographic origin of the grapes is often associated with quality, uniqueness, and authenticity. Previous elemental fingerprinting studies mainly discriminated wines from different countries or regions within a country. Here, we report the use of element profiles to distinguish commercial Pinot noir wines from five sub-regional appellations or neighborhoods within one American viticultural area (AVA). Fifty-three single cultivar wines were collected over two harvests and analyzed using microwave plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Of 62 monitored elements that were quantified with fully validated methods, 24 and 32 elements differed significantly across the neighborhoods and vintages, respectively (p < 0.05). Targeted canonical variate analysis (CVA) explained 85%-90% of the variance ratio across the two vintages, indicating persistent and stable elemental fingerprints of wines at a sub-regional level. A sixth, newly founded neighborhood was correctly grouped separately from the others using a Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), indicating the potential of elemental fingerprints for wine authenticity.

Mapping global shifts inSaccharomyces cerevisiaegene expression across asynchronous time trajectories with diffusion maps

“…Similarly, fermentations from RRV did not cluster together along any diffusion component, suggesting that sub-appellations within the Russian River Valley are associated with significantly different S. cerevisiae gene expression patterns ( Figure 4, Figure 5 ). This matches recent findings that show sub-regional variation in elemental profiles of wine from the Russian River Valley (61). Importantly, the gene expression differences we detected across each of these diffusion components provides candidate genes and pathways that may underlie vineyard-specific fermentation outcomes.…”

Charting Shifts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene Expression across Asynchronous Time Trajectories with Diffusion Maps

“…4 and 5 ). This matches recent findings that show subregional variation in elemental profiles of wine from the Russian River Valley ( 57 ). Importantly, the gene expression differences detected across each of these diffusion components provide candidate genes and pathways that may underlie site-specific fermentation outcomes.…”

Geographical Discrimination of Croatian Wines by Stable Isotope Ratios and Multielemental Composition Analysis

“…The statistically significant discrimination of the continental and coastal winegrowing areas was achieved for the following measurands: δ 18 O, δ 13 C, Al, B, Ca, K, Li, Na, Pb, Rb, and Sn ( Table 3 , measurands denoted by 3). These measurands were also identified as the key explanatory factors in various combinations for geographical origin determination by other researches, i.e., for Spanish ( 40 , 41 ), Italian ( 34 , 35 ), Romanian ( 53 , 83 , 84 ), Cypriot ( 7 ), USA ( 85 ), Brazilian ( 56 ), or Chinese ( 57 ) wines.…”