The Validity of Brine Shrimp (Artemia Sp.) Toxicity Assays to Assess the Ecological Function of Marine Natural Products

Chan, Weili; Shaughnessy, Abigail; Berg, Cedric P. van den; Garson, Mary J.; Cheney, Karen L.

doi:10.1007/s10886-021-01264-z

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…For example, an assay using Arthemia spp. failed to indicate the toxicity of several extracted compounds against other species (Chromis viridis) [31]. In previous studies, similar ignorable cytotoxicity was obtained from the cacao plant extracts.…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 56%

In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

2021

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Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.

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Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 56%

In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

2021

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“…Chan et al. (2021) verified that brine shrimp can be used as a model organism proxy to investigate the toxicity responses of fish to nudibranch metabolites. However, we also report previously published assay results for Chromis viridis for completeness, as this study used some of the same extracts used in the current study (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both crustaceans and fish have been observed to feed on nudibranchs (Gochfeld & Aeby, 1997), and are the most common taxa used in ecological assays testing nudibranch chemical defences (Chan et al., 2021; Giordano et al., 2017; Winters, Wilson, et al., 2018). However, whilst many marine invertebrates likely rely on chemoreception to test prey with the use of external sensory appendages, many fish are visually hunting predators and will pay attention to visual signals, such as conspicuous colour patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we extracted compounds from 30 nudibranch species and conducted antifeedant assays with three generalist marine predators (two fish and one decapod crustacean), and toxicity assays with brine shrimp ( Artemia sp.). For completeness, we also include previously published ichthyological data with a fish species Chromis viridis , which used some of the same extracts as this study and demonstrated that brine shrimp assays reasonably indicate the potential toxicity of an extract to fish (Chan et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chan et al (2021) with a WM of 1 = negligible/non-toxic, 2 = slightly toxic, 3 = moderately toxic and 4 = highly toxic. Where extracts were tested in both unpalatability and toxicity assays, extracts are categorised as Class I & II: highly toxic and unpalatable; I: highly toxic but weakly unpalatable; II: weakly toxic but highly unpalatable; WR: weakly toxic and unpalatable and NR: no response was observed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Weapons or deterrents? Nudibranch molluscs use distinct ecological modes of chemical defence against predators

Winters

Chan

White

et al. 2021

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Defensive chemicals are used by plants and animals to reduce the risk of predation through different mechanisms, including toxins that cause injury and harm (weapons) and unpalatable or odiferous compounds that prevent attacks (deterrents). However, whether effective defences are both toxins and deterrents, or work in just one modality is often unclear. In this study, our primary aim was to determine whether defensive compounds stored by nudibranch molluscs acted as weapons (in terms of being toxic), deterrents (in terms of being distasteful) or both. Our secondary aim was to investigate the response of different taxa to these defensive compounds. To do this, we identified secondary metabolites in 30 species of nudibranch molluscs and investigated their deterrent properties using antifeedant assays with three taxa: rock pool shrimp, Palaemon serenus, and two fish species: triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus and toadfish Tetractenos hamiltoni. We compared these results to toxicity assays using brine shrimp Artemia sp. and previously published toxicity data with a damselfish Chromis viridis. Overall, we found no clear relationship between palatability and toxicity, but instead classified defensive compounds into the following categories: Class I & II—highly unpalatable and highly toxic; Class I—weakly unpalatable and highly toxic; Class II—highly unpalatable but weakly toxic; WR (weak response)—weakly unpalatable and weakly toxic. We also found eight extracts from six species that did not display activity in any assays indicating they may have very limited chemical defensive mechanisms (NR, no response). We found that the different classes of secondary metabolites were similarly unpalatable to fish and shrimp, except extracts from Phyllidiidae nudibranchs (isonitriles) that were highly unpalatable to shrimp but weakly unpalatable to fish. Our results pave the way towards better understanding how animal chemical defences work against a variety of predators. We highlight the need to disentangle weapons and deterrents in future work on anti‐predator defences to better understand the foraging decisions faced by predators, the resultant selection pressures imposed on prey and the evolution of different anti‐predator strategies.

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Preparation and Characterization of a Silk Fibroin/Polyurethane Fiber Blend Membrane Containing Actinomycin X2 with Excellent Mechanical Properties and Enhanced Antibacterial Activities

Zhang

Chen

Javeed

et al. 2023

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Development of suitable antimicrobial biomaterials for hygienic wound dressing and healing is an important requirement for medical application. Durable mechanical properties increase the application range of biomaterial in different environmental and biological conditions. Due to the inherent brittleness of silk fibroin (SF), polyurethane fiber (PUF) was used to modify SF containing actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2) to prepare silk fibroin@actinomycin X2/polyurethane fiber (ASF/PUF) blend membranes. The ASF/PUF blend membrane was developed by solution casting method. Incorporation of PUF improved the flexibility of material and introduction of Ac.X2 has increased antibacterial activity of materials. Excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength up to 25.7 MPa and elongation at break up to 946.5 %) of 50 % SF+50 % PUF blend membrane were proved by tensile testing machine. FT‐IR spectra, TGA, contact angle and DMA were tested to prove the blend membrane's physico‐chemical characteristics. ASF/PUF blend membrane displayed satisfactory antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and the cytotoxicity tests showed that the blend membrane has better biosafety compared to directly applied Ac.X2 in soluble form. These results suggest that the modification of SF through PUF for development of flexible antibacterial membranes has great potential application value in the field of silk‐like material fabrication.

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The Validity of Brine Shrimp (Artemia Sp.) Toxicity Assays to Assess the Ecological Function of Marine Natural Products

Cited by 12 publications

References 90 publications

In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

Weapons or deterrents? Nudibranch molluscs use distinct ecological modes of chemical defence against predators

Preparation and Characterization of a Silk Fibroin/Polyurethane Fiber Blend Membrane Containing Actinomycin X2 with Excellent Mechanical Properties and Enhanced Antibacterial Activities

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