The Value of Serum Biomarkers in Prediction Models of Outcome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Biomarkers, in conjunction with other readily available determinants of outcome assessed in the acute period after injury, add value in the early prognostication of patients with mTBI. Our findings are consistent with the notion that S100B and NSE point to biological mechanisms underlying poor outcome after mTBI.

A review of the neuro- and systemic inflammatory responses in post concussion symptoms: Introduction of the “post-inflammatory brain syndrome” PIBS

“…One week and 6 weeks post injury, 68% and 38% of the patients were considered impaired, respectively. The mean value of S-100b in all patients was found to be 0.18 lg/L (Topolovec-Vranic et al, 2011).…”

“…This protein has a half-life of 97 min and a cutoff value of between 0.1 lg/L and 0.48 lg/L for predicting poor outcomes (Topolovec-Vranic et al, 2011). S100b, while neurotrophic and neuroprotective at physiologic concentrations, can have neuotoxic effects if the concentration increases well beyond the normal range (Kleindienst and Ross Bullock, 2006).…”

Mind the gaps—advancing research into short-term and long-term neuropsychological outcomes of youth sports-related concussions

“…133 S100B may, therefore, be an inadequate marker to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with concussion, 133 and the utility of S100B in diagnostics and outcome prognosis is questionable. [134][135][136] Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a marker of neuronal injury, but its usefulness as a serum or CSF biomarker remains uncertain. [133][134][135][136][137] Elevated serum NSE levels have been observed after head impacts in boxers, 124 but were also seen in ice hockey players after a match where no concussions occurred.…”

“…[134][135][136] Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a marker of neuronal injury, but its usefulness as a serum or CSF biomarker remains uncertain. [133][134][135][136][137] Elevated serum NSE levels have been observed after head impacts in boxers, 124 but were also seen in ice hockey players after a match where no concussions occurred. 126 Serum NSE levels failed to predict recovery time after concussion, 126 and might not correlate with injury severity in children.…”

Analysis of S100 Calcium Binding Protein B Serum Levels in Different Types of Traumatic Intracranial Lesions

“…5 The Scandinavian guidelines for TBI management, published in 2013, also recommend the use of S100B for reducing unnecessary CT scans. 6 In patients with minor brain injury ( MBI) 7 as well as in patients with severe brain injury, a significant correlation between S100B levels and an unfavourable outcome was identified. 8,9 There are contradictive reports on the expression of S100B in different types of TBI: S100B proteins were reported at high levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).…”