The venous drainage of the corpora cavernosa in the human penis

Abstract

ObjectiveTo study the drainage proportions from the corpora cavernosa in defrosted human cadavers, as the veins related to penile erection were recently depicted to comprise the deep dorsal vein (DDV), a pair of cavernous veins (CVs) and two pairs of para-arterial veins (PAVs), as opposed to a single DDV between Buck’s fascia and the tunica albuginea of the human penis.Materials and methodsWith no formalin fixation, 10 defrosted male human cadavers were used for this study. After injecting a 10% solution of colloid, and with the intracavernous pressure (ICP) fixed at 90 mmHg, the perfusion rate was recorded before and after the DDV, CVs and PAVs were removed, respectively. Finally, measurements were again recorded after penile arterial ligation. Cavernosography was used if required.ResultsThe mean (range) perfusion rate for maintaining the ICP at 90 mmHg was 30.2 (15.5–90.8) mL/min, whereas the arterial perfusion rate was 2.8 (0.3–3.9) mL/min. The mean (range) drainage proportion of the corpora cavernosa was 60.5 (50.3–69.7)%, 11.9 (5.8–22.9)% and 11.4 (5.2–15.0)% via the DDV, CVs and PAVs, respectively. The remaining drainage proportion was 15.6 (14.1–18.1)%. This study shows the separate drainage contributions of the DDV, CVs and PAVs to the corpora cavernosa of the human penis.ConclusionWe conclude that the venous drainage system of the corpora cavernosa is much more complex than the previous depictions of it, and the consequent focus on a single DDV. This also shows the independent role of each venous system.

Tunical Outer Layer Plays an Essential Role in Penile Veno-occlusive Mechanism Evidenced from Electrocautery Effects to the Corpora Cavernosa in Defrosted Human Cadavers

“…In addition to histology confirmation, interestingly, grossly, livor mortis at either the groin or medial thigh can disappear once the perfusion amount of 10% colloid exceeds 350 mL. 21 Thus, this hemodynamic model is likely to mimic the human physiological status, and the infusion colloid is valid as well. Thirty seconds were adequate to close the venous lumen, which was exhibited as a hemostatic status for homeostasis clinically.…”

Diagnostic Accuracy of Different Criteria of Pharmaco‐penile Duplex Sonography for Venous Erectile Dysfunction

“…Continuous blood flow within the venous drainage pathway in the erect state is direct evidence for the diagnosis of penile venous leak. There are superficial, middle, and deep layers of the drainage system in the penile vein . The superficial veins course between the Colles fascia and the Buck fascia, are incorporated into a superficial dorsal vein at the back of the penis, and finally drain into the great saphenous vein.…”

“…In China, Criterion C is usually used, which is consistent with Criterion A or B, except for the standard of RI less than 0.80. Some studies also suggested RI less than 1 as one of the standards. However, RI in these studies was usually measured 5 to 10 minutes after the drug injection.…”

Surgical niche for the treatment of erectile dysfunction

“…The proportion for drainage of corpora cavernosa through DDV, cavernosal veins and PAVs are 60.5% (range 50.3-69.7%), 11.9% (range 5.8-22.9%) and 11.4% (range 5.2-15.0%) on their own. 24…”

“…Both the medial and lateral PAVs might channel into the DDV or the Santorini’s plexus alone at the level of the infrapubic angle. The proportion for drainage of corpora cavernosa through DDV, cavernosal veins and PAVs are 60.5% (range 50.3–69.7%), 11.9% (range 5.8–22.9%) and 11.4% (range 5.2–15.0%) on their own …”