DNA polymerases can misinsert ribonucleotides that lead to genomic instability. DNA polymerase  discourages ribonucleotide insertion with the backbone carbonyl of Tyr-271; alanine substitution of Tyr-271, but not Phe-272, resulted in a >10-fold loss in discrimination. The Y271A mutant also inserted ribonucleotides more efficiently than wild type on a variety of ribonucleoside (rNMP)-containing DNA substrates. Substituting Mn 2؉ for Mg 2؉ decreased sugar discrimination for both wildtype and mutant enzymes primarily by increasing the affinity for rCTP. This facilitated crystallization of ternary substrate complexes of both the wild-type and Y271A mutant enzymes. Crystallographic structures of Y271A-and wild type-substrate complexes indicated that rCTP is well accommodated in the active site but that O2 of rCTP and the carbonyl oxygen of Tyr-271 or Ala-271 are unusually close (ϳ2.5 and 2.6 Å , respectively). Structure-based modeling indicates that the local energetic cost of positioning these closely spaced oxygens is ϳ2.2 kcal/mol for the wild-type enzyme. Because the side chain of Tyr-271 also hydrogen bonds with the primer terminus, loss of this interaction affects its catalytic positioning. Our results support a model where DNA polymerase  utilizes two strategies, steric and geometric, with a single protein residue to deter ribonucleotide insertion.