Theoretical evaluation of TKX‐50 as an ingredient in rocket propellants

Klapötke, Thomas M.; Sućeska, Muhamed

doi:10.1002/zaac.202100053

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As noted earlier, substitution of HMX by TKX‐50 in propellants with the energetic binder is expected to result in a four‐second increase in the specific impulse [2]. A similar result was predicted for TKX‐50‐based solid rocket propellant formulation (22 % energetic binder, 20 % oxidizer, 18 % Al, 40 % TKX‐50) [28] and for propellant with GAP/NG energetic binder [4]. However, the motor test of HTPB propellant with TKX‐50 shows that the specific impulse is lower than that of RDX‐based reference [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Our calculations using the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation (194.1 kJ mol −1 ) show that high‐energy composite (HEC) propellant formulations suggested in [4] containing TKX‐50 have a lower specific impulse in comparison to HEC, based on CL‐20 and even HMX (Table 2). Theoretical rocket performances were calculated with thermochemical equilibrium code REAL [30], taking the assigned pressure ratio (p c /p e ) to be 70 (assigned chamber pressure 7 MPa and exit pressure 0.1 MPa).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[a] Calculation [4] with the thermochemical equilibrium code EXPLO5 (TKX‐50 ΔH 0 f =446.6 kJ/mol). [b] Calculation (this work, for comparison) with the thermochemical equilibrium code REAL [30] (TKX‐50 ΔH 0 f =446.6 kJ/mol).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substitution of HMX by TKX‐50 in propellants with the energetic binder (GAP/NG/BTTN) is expected to result in a four‐second increase (assigned chamber pressure 7 MPa and exit pressure 0.1 MPa) in the specific impulse [2]. The outstanding parameters of the new compound have attracted the attention of researchers all over the world; in recent years, over 180 publications have been published devoted to the study of TKX‐50 [4–8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

Sinditskii

Serushkin

Колесов

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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An analysis of the experimental data available to date shows that the explosive TKX‐50 has really high explosive performance characteristics, although not as outstanding as claimed previously, due to the overestimation of the enthalpy of formation. The obtained experimental data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on the density of TKX‐50 samples agree with the results of calculations, in which the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation 194.1 kJ mol−1 is used. The energetic performance of TKX‐50 surpasses the parameters of nitramines RDX, HMX, and even CL‐20, determined at the same densities. However, the calculated detonation velocity of TKX‐50 at theoretical maximum density is 9287 m s−1, which is slightly lower than the detonation velocity of CL‐20 at maximum density. It is worth noting that the detonation velocity of the TKX‐50 at the experimentally attainable density (1.8 g cm−3) is 9037 m s−1. Calculations using the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation show that high‐energy composite propellant formulations containing TKX‐50 are inferior in a specific impulse to compositions based on CL‐20 and HMX.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

Sinditskii

Serushkin

Колесов

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…When TKX-50 is applied in composite solid propellants, the sensitivity has been reduced than traditional explosives-based propellants [4]. In addition, TKX-50 can influence the burning rate and pressure exponent of solid propellants, demonstrating high specific impulse and great energetic performance [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Promotion of TKX‐50 Thermal Activity with Aluminum

Wang

Guo

Wang³

et al. 2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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It is significant to investigate the effect of aluminum (Al) on the thermal activity of Dihydroxylammonium 5, 5'-bistetrazole-1, 1'-diolate (TKX-50) for the application of TKX-50-based composite solid propellant. In this work, TKX-50/Al composites with different particle sizes and contents of Al were blended, and the thermal decomposition and combustion properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal decomposition kinetic methods, laser ignition experiments, and constant-volume combustion cell test. The results showed that the exothermic peak temperatures for thermal decomposition of TKX-50 were gradually advanced with the decrease of Al particle size. With the increase of Al nanoparticles (nAl) content, the peak temperatures of TKX-50 first decreased and then increased. As the content of nAl was 50 %, the activation energy of TKX-50 changed from 226.51 kJ • mol À 1 to 215.23 kJ • mol À 1 , and the critical temperature of thermal explosion decreased by 13.54 °C after the addition of nAl. In addition, a small amount of nAl could promote the combustion of TKX-50 that is reflected on the accelerated burning rate, increased maximum combustion pressure and pressurization rate. Overall, nAl with high specific surface area and high reactivity is a great thermal activity enhancement additive for TKX-50.

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Composite Heterogeneous Energetic Materials: Propellants and Explosives, Similar but Different?

Gottlieb¹

2023

Nano and Micro‐Scale Energetic Materials

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Theoretical evaluation of TKX‐50 as an ingredient in rocket propellants

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

On the Promotion of TKX‐50 Thermal Activity with Aluminum

Composite Heterogeneous Energetic Materials: Propellants and Explosives, Similar but Different?

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