Theoretical modeling and characterization of annealed proton-exchanged planar waveguides in z-cut LiNbO/sub 3/

Nikolopoulos, John; Yip, Gar Lam

doi:10.1109/50.85787

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We assume that it can be explained by the fact that in the case of the APE technique, after proton exchange and before annealing, the waveguides exhibit a step-like index profile. This shape of the index profile is the initial condition found in any modeling and experimental study of annealing in the case of the APE technique, which is not the case in our investigation [4][5][6][7][8]. Our initial conditions are quite different: the index profile is expressed as the sum of two generalized exponential functions, as presented in Figure 1, and in agreement with our previous work [1].…”

Section: Samples Fabrication and Index Profiles Reconstructionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It seems that this aspect is another peculiarity of HiVac-VPE waveguides if compared with the literature devoted to Annealing Proton Exchange (APE) waveguides. For the APE waveguides, a generalized Gaussian function was often found to provide the best approximation for the shape of the index profile after annealing [4,5]. Our findings are very important in view of already-existing results reported by literature concerning the effect of the annealing and annealing time on the shape of the index profile of the waveguides fabricated by the APE technique.…”

Section: Samples Fabrication and Index Profiles Reconstructionsupporting

confidence: 63%

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Phase Composition of HiVac-VPE Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides Identified by Spectroscopic Investigations

Rambu,

Kostritskii,

Fedorov

et al. 2024

Materials

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High-index contrast lithium niobate waveguides, fabricated by the High Vacuum Vapor-phase Proton Exchange (HiVac-VPE) technique, are very promising for increasing both the optical nonlinear and electro-optical efficiencies of photonic integrated devices. So as to play this role effectively, it is mandatory to know the crystallographic phase composition of waveguides and the position of protonated layers for appropriate tailoring and optimization based on the intended applications. In addition, the estimation of structural disorder and electro-optical properties of the waveguides are also of high interest. Benefiting from Raman spectroscopy, IR reflection, IR absorption, and UV-VIS absorption, the HxLi1−xNbO3 phase compositions, as well as the structural disorder in waveguides, were determined. Based on experimental data on the shift of the fundamental absorption edge, we have quantitatively estimated the electro-optic coefficient r13 in as-exchanged waveguides. The electro-optical properties of the waveguides have been found to be depending on the phase composition. The obtained results allow for reconsidering the proton exchange fabricating process of photonic nonlinear devices and electro-optic modulators based on high-index contrast channel waveguides on the LiNbO3 platform.

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Section: Samples Fabrication and Index Profiles Reconstructionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Samples Fabrication and Index Profiles Reconstructionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Phase Composition of HiVac-VPE Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides Identified by Spectroscopic Investigations

Rambu,

Kostritskii,

Fedorov

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…44 For the case of exchange in benzoic acid a description of the modeling of annealed waveguides can be found in Ref. Notice that for a larger than Ϸ20 Eq.…”

Section: ͑16͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design methodology of annealed H+ waveguides in ferroelectric LiNbO3

Almeida

2007

Opt. Eng

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Relations between fabrication conditions and optical characteristics of planar waveguides made by proton exchange in benzoic acid are documented in the literature, but reports on the characterization of waveguide fabrication processes, performed in a systematic way, could not be found, resulting in the need to combine data from several authors. Discrepancies among results from different researches are evident, resulting from different experimental methodologies and calibration of equipment. Therefore, aiming at extracting a consistent data set, optical characterization of the refractive index profile was employed to study series of samples. The objective was to develop a methodology for fabrication of proton-exchanged channel waveguides in LiNbO 3 operating in the single-mode regime at several wavelengths, with specific characteristics required to optimize integrated devices. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain the relations between the optical characteristics of the waveguides and their fabrication conditions, and to introduce models of the waveguide formation process. Proton ExchangeThe technique of proton exchange is interesting due to its easy implementation, its capability of producing large refractive index variations at low temperature ͑150 to 300°C͒, and the low susceptibility of its products to photorefractive damage. 6,7 Recently, several interesting integrated devices, with optimized characteristics, were produced by this means, providing, e.g., high-efficiency second-harmonic generation 8 and optical parametric generation 9 in periodically poled lithium niobate.

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“…The distribution function in the horizontal direction after annealing is approximated using the error distribution function [17]:…”

Section: Waveguide Materials and Coupler Performance Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the performance of a 3-dB Y-junction optical coupler with a channel profile of proton-exchanged lithium niobate

Singh¹,

Sirohi

Verma

2013

Phys. Wave Phen.

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A 3-dB optical coupler (power splitter) based on a Y-junction waveguide with a channel profile of proton-exchanged lithium niobate has been modeled. Finite difference beam propagation method has been used to investigate light wave propagation in axially varying waveguides. It is found that the structure splits the input power equally at the Y-junction with an efficiency of 99% and an average excess loss 0.04 dB. The novelty of the coupling structure proposed is its capability to function as a wavelength-independent 3-dB coupler while maintaining very low-power imbalance for widespread optical communication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 μm.

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Theoretical modeling and characterization of annealed proton-exchanged planar waveguides in z-cut LiNbO/sub 3/

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Phase Composition of HiVac-VPE Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides Identified by Spectroscopic Investigations

Phase Composition of HiVac-VPE Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides Identified by Spectroscopic Investigations

Design methodology of annealed H+ waveguides in ferroelectric LiNbO3

Estimation of the performance of a 3-dB Y-junction optical coupler with a channel profile of proton-exchanged lithium niobate

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