Theory for electric dipole superconductivity with an application for bilayer excitons

Abstract

Exciton superfluid is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon in which large quantities of excitons undergo the Bose-Einstein condensation. Recently, exciton superfluid has been widely studied in various bilayer systems. However, experimental measurements only provide indirect evidence for the existence of exciton superfluid. In this article, by viewing the exciton in a bilayer system as an electric dipole, we derive the London-type and Ginzburg-Landau-type equations for the electric dipole superconductors. By using these equations, we discover the Meissner-type effect and the electric dipole current Josephson effect. These effects can provide direct evidence for the formation of the exciton superfluid state in bilayer systems and pave new ways to drive an electric dipole current.

Active Electric Dipole Energy Sources: Transduction via Electric Scalar and Vector Potentials

“…In contrast, external to the dipole, the electric field can be described by either an electric scalar or vector potential, as the field is capable of doing work on a test charge, but also exist as a reactive near field (or fringing field) due to the unusual boundary condition between the outside and inside of an active electric dipole, where the tangential electrical field is maximum at the boundary [1][2][3][4][5]. Such active dipoles are usually configured with a balun, and can be used to generate or detect tangential electric fields, in particular they are used to characterise the near field of many systems, including antennas, materials and electrical fields in biological systems [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Both can be modelled by a voltage source with a capacitive output impedance [1] .…”