“…It has been demonstrated that cytokine-neutralizing antibodies could be attached to NPs to boost their durability, precision targeting, and retention after local injection [ 124 ]. Arthritic joints can be treated using anti-IL-6 antibodies conjugated to an anti-cytokine nanoparticle of cross-linked chitosan and hyaluronic acid (HA) [ 42 ]. As IL-6 is immobilized on these NPs, significant macrophage (Mφ) suppression occurs, which might lead to the therapeutic use of NPs for CRS in COVID-19 patients [ 125 ].…”
Section: Nanoparticles As a Great Blessingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) High nucleic acid (siRNA or mRNA) encapsulation rate and enhanced transfection effectiveness resulted in viral load suppression in the lungs The ionizable lipids are close-charged at physiological pH, making them an excellent vehicle for nucleic acid treatments Protecting mRNAs from ribonucleases and delivering their intact form to the target site Lower cytotoxicity and immunogenicity Compared to bilayer liposomes, LNPs exhibit increased cargo stability and cellular penetration Easy manufacturing technique, small size, and serum stability [ 26 ] [ 27 , 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 – 32 ] [ 29 ] [ 27 , 28 ] Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) Used for sterilizing and employed in PPE Fast detection of particular COVID-19 viral antigens Common antigen carriers are utilized in immunization and vaccination, increasing vaccination effectiveness by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and maintaining controlled antigen release [ 33 – 36 ] Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) Silver is effective against all infections, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Developing extremely sensitive biosensors based on AgNPs Direct virucidal activity by adhering to the virus particles and blocking their connection to host cells AgNPs attach to the viral genome, resulting in viral replication suppression and the release of progeny virions Producing free radicals and ROS, causing apoptosis and therefore preventing viral infection Triggering an immune response and avoiding COVID-19 inflammation and fibrosis by decreasing the amounts of cytokines and cytokine-mediated inflammation Inhibiting cytokine storm, inflammatory signaling, pulmonary insufficiency reduction, and regulation of the EMT signaling cascade Therapeutic serum and procedures based on NagC to prevent viral and bacterial respiratory infections from spreading Preventing secondary microbial infections after COVID-19 infection [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 38 ] [ 43 ] [ 38 ] …”
In December 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Comprehensive strategies for quick identification, prevention, control, and remedy of COVID-19 have been implemented until today. Advances in various nanoparticle-based technologies, including organic and inorganic nanoparticles, have created new perspectives in this field. These materials were extensively used to control COVID-19 because of their specific attribution to preparing antiviral face masks, various safety sensors, etc. In this review, the most current nanoparticle-based technologies, applications, and achievements against the coronavirus were summarized and highlighted. This paper also offers nanoparticle preventive, diagnostic, and treatment options to combat this pandemic.
Graphical Abstract
“…It has been demonstrated that cytokine-neutralizing antibodies could be attached to NPs to boost their durability, precision targeting, and retention after local injection [ 124 ]. Arthritic joints can be treated using anti-IL-6 antibodies conjugated to an anti-cytokine nanoparticle of cross-linked chitosan and hyaluronic acid (HA) [ 42 ]. As IL-6 is immobilized on these NPs, significant macrophage (Mφ) suppression occurs, which might lead to the therapeutic use of NPs for CRS in COVID-19 patients [ 125 ].…”
Section: Nanoparticles As a Great Blessingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) High nucleic acid (siRNA or mRNA) encapsulation rate and enhanced transfection effectiveness resulted in viral load suppression in the lungs The ionizable lipids are close-charged at physiological pH, making them an excellent vehicle for nucleic acid treatments Protecting mRNAs from ribonucleases and delivering their intact form to the target site Lower cytotoxicity and immunogenicity Compared to bilayer liposomes, LNPs exhibit increased cargo stability and cellular penetration Easy manufacturing technique, small size, and serum stability [ 26 ] [ 27 , 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 – 32 ] [ 29 ] [ 27 , 28 ] Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) Used for sterilizing and employed in PPE Fast detection of particular COVID-19 viral antigens Common antigen carriers are utilized in immunization and vaccination, increasing vaccination effectiveness by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and maintaining controlled antigen release [ 33 – 36 ] Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) Silver is effective against all infections, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Developing extremely sensitive biosensors based on AgNPs Direct virucidal activity by adhering to the virus particles and blocking their connection to host cells AgNPs attach to the viral genome, resulting in viral replication suppression and the release of progeny virions Producing free radicals and ROS, causing apoptosis and therefore preventing viral infection Triggering an immune response and avoiding COVID-19 inflammation and fibrosis by decreasing the amounts of cytokines and cytokine-mediated inflammation Inhibiting cytokine storm, inflammatory signaling, pulmonary insufficiency reduction, and regulation of the EMT signaling cascade Therapeutic serum and procedures based on NagC to prevent viral and bacterial respiratory infections from spreading Preventing secondary microbial infections after COVID-19 infection [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 38 ] [ 43 ] [ 38 ] …”
In December 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Comprehensive strategies for quick identification, prevention, control, and remedy of COVID-19 have been implemented until today. Advances in various nanoparticle-based technologies, including organic and inorganic nanoparticles, have created new perspectives in this field. These materials were extensively used to control COVID-19 because of their specific attribution to preparing antiviral face masks, various safety sensors, etc. In this review, the most current nanoparticle-based technologies, applications, and achievements against the coronavirus were summarized and highlighted. This paper also offers nanoparticle preventive, diagnostic, and treatment options to combat this pandemic.
Graphical Abstract
“…AgNPs decreased fibrosis and collagen deposition by reducing the expression of profibrotic genes like Col 1a1 and Col 1a2 as evident from histological findings and confirmed by mRNA expression studies. Thus, AgNPs may halt the elevated levels of cytokines and cytokine mediated inflammation and fibrosis in the COVID-19 as shown in figure 4 [ 54 ]. Figure 4 The proposed mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles against COVID-19 induced lung injury and lung fibrosis.…”
Section: Agnps Can Restrain Severe Inflammatory Response Cytokine Storm and Lung Fibrosis In Covid-19mentioning
COVID-19 is a highly contagious and widespread disease that has strained the global healthcare system to the hilt. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well known for their potent antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and biosensing properties. AgNPs have been found to be potential antiviral agent that acts against many deadly viruses and is presumed to be effective against COVID-19. AgNPs can generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to apoptosis mediated cell death thereby inhibiting viral infection. The shape and size of AgNPs play an important role in its biomedical applications as alterations may result in variable biological interaction and activity. Herein, we propose that AgNPs can be utilized for the effective management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by highlighting the current status of AgNPs in the fight against COVID-19.
“…Recently, AgNPs have been reported to have antioxidant activity ( 2 – 4 ) in which the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance of AgNPs was influenced by the coating agent used for the preparation of AgNPs ( 4 ). Of note, AgNPs also showed anti-inflammatory property ( 3 , 5 , 6 ) by inducing M1 macrophage apoptosis and M1-to-M2 macrophage repolarization ( 6 ). Several in vivo studies have been reporting a promising result of AgNPs for the treatment of inflammatory disease, such as for neuropathy in diabetic rats ( 3 ), dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice ( 5 ), streptozotocin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats ( 7 ), diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice ( 8 ), alloxan-induced diabetes in mice ( 9 ), and collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice ( 6 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Of note, AgNPs also showed anti-inflammatory property ( 3 , 5 , 6 ) by inducing M1 macrophage apoptosis and M1-to-M2 macrophage repolarization ( 6 ). Several in vivo studies have been reporting a promising result of AgNPs for the treatment of inflammatory disease, such as for neuropathy in diabetic rats ( 3 ), dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice ( 5 ), streptozotocin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats ( 7 ), diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice ( 8 ), alloxan-induced diabetes in mice ( 9 ), and collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice ( 6 ). Contrary to their therapeutic effects, there were some established toxicology issues in the use of AgNPs, such as cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, immunological response, and even cell death ( 10 – 12 ).…”
BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in the medical field, including cardiovascular. However, limited research has investigated the effect of AgNPs on the protection of myocardial infarction (MI).ObjectivesIsoproterenol (Iso)-induced MI and the cardiac protection offered by AgNPs were investigated in the present study. Additionally, we characterized the profile of Ag in the form of nanoparticles.MethodsTwenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal, Iso, Iso + AgNO3, and Iso + AgNP groups. AgNPs and silver ion (AgNO3) were administered intraperitoneally at 2.5 mg/kg BW for 14 days. Iso induction was performed using two doses of 85 mg/kg BW given subcutaneously on days 13 and 14. Blood and cardiac tissue samples were taken 24 h after the last dose of Iso and checked for Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase in plasma along with oxidative stress parameters, mitochondria biogenesis markers, and inflammation representative genes in cardiac tissue. Additionally, we analyzed the histopathological features in cardiac tissue.ResultsThe silver was confirmed in the form of nanoparticles by its size at intervals of 8.72–37.84 nm. Both AgNO3 and AgNPs showed similar cardioprotective effects, as shown by the decrease in biochemical markers of cardiac toxicity, namely, CK-MB. Additionally, AgNPs group have better efficacy compared with AgNO3 group in ameliorating Iso-mediated oxidative stress production, as evidenced by the significant decrease in malondialdehyde level and increased superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively) in cardiac tissue compared with the Iso group. Mechanistically, AgNPs, but not AgNO3, enhanced the expression levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha in post-MI heart and reduced the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) assessed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, these results were confirmed with the histopathological evaluation of cardiac tissue. Nevertheless, pretreatment with either AgNO3 or AgNPs improved the aspartate aminotransferase level.ConclusionThese results suggested that AgNPs have more superior cardioprotective effect compared with AgNO3 against Iso-induced MI, at least in part through amelioration of NF-κB expression level induced by oxidative stress overproduction.
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