Thermal and Flame Resistant Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Containing Halogen-free Flame Retardant

Teoh, Ee Lian; Mariatti, M.; Chow, W. S.

doi:10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.087

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast, none of the composites containing KL were ignited even after the second application of flame and all achieved a V-0 rating without dripping due to the generation of char layer on the surface which isolated the remaining sample and prevented the propagation of the flame. In previous studies [12,19], the addition of 30-40% (m/m) PER as a carbonization agent was sufficient to achieve only a V-2 rating, whereas here we found that as little as 3% KL in the presence of 15% EXP and 10% PES accomplished the target rating of V-0.…”

Section: Sem Analysiscontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…Initially, the applications of PLA were limited to fibrereinforced composites mainly in medical sector in the form of biodegradable sutures, vascular grafts and implants due to its biocompatibility [10,11]. Later on, PLA was more commonly used in the textile sector (clothing, home textiles and carpets) to replace the petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer because some of the physical and mechanical properties of PLA are comparable to that of PET [12,13]. However, flame retardancy of PLA is considered better to that of PET since the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of neat PLA is 24-26% and that of neat PET is 18-20% [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of melt spinnability of plasticized polylactic acid biocomposites-containing intumescent flame retardant

Maqsood

Langensiepen

Seide

2019

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources have attracted interest due to environmental pollution caused by the disposal of non-degradable polymers, and engineering them to produce fibres of textile grade can improve the environmental sustainability of textile sector. Flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) can be improved if used in intumescent system containing acidic and carbonic source; however, spinning them to produce fibres of textile grade is a big challenge. We therefore have prepared PLA composites containing phosphorous-nitrogen-based flame retardant as acidic source together with kraft lignin as carbonic source. Different quantities of flame retardant and kraft lignin were added to PLA matrix by melt blending and then hot-pressed to form moulding sheets. A modified polyester-based plasticizer was also incorporated to facilitate the spinnability of the composites. Limiting oxygen index values and UL-94 ratings of the composites were reported. The melt spinnability of composites was then assessed, and flame retardancy of knitted structures produced from multifilament yarns was tested by cone calorimetry. Composites containing up to 7% (m/m) of lignin were spinnable together with 10% (m/m) of plasticizer. A substantial decrease of 59% in heat release rate was observed compared to pure PLA. The mechanism of intumescence was also reported.

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Section: Sem Analysiscontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of melt spinnability of plasticized polylactic acid biocomposites-containing intumescent flame retardant

Maqsood

Langensiepen

Seide

2019

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…Neat PLA and the composites underwent only single stage of thermal degradation with one differential thermogravimetric peak. From the thermogram curves in Figure , neat PLA film had the highest thermal stability and the degradation at T onset = 323 °C occurred when the ester group of PLA chain transformed from intramolecular or intermolecular transesterification to form oligomers or cyclic oligomers . The thermal stability of PLA composites without BMIMCl were slightly lower than neat PLA which may be due to the effect of much lower thermal stability of individual MCC and CFF, T onset of 308 and 262 °C, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Poly(lactic acid) composite films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose and keratin from chicken feather fiber in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Khaw

Chee

Gan

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Amphiphilic keratin from chicken feather fiber (CFF) and hydrophilic cellulose were incorporated as fillers into hydrophobic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer blend. This study implemented ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) to dissolve the 1 wt % fillers. The composite films were compared with and without the addition of IL prepared from five sets of ratios of CFF to MCC using measuring mixers and compression molding. Thermal analysis showed that increase in CFF composition decreases the glass-transition temperature (T g ), and crystallization temperature (T c ) as well as increases the degree of crystallinity. PLA composite with the 70/30 ratio of CFF to MCC was found to be the optimum composition in obtaining considerably low T g and high crystallinity. BMIMCl enhanced the miscibility of the composites as observed in scanning electron microscope images and single T g . Apart from creating porous structure and lowering mechanical hardness, BMIMCl also decreased the thermal stability of the PLA composites.

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“…In case of PLA containing addition of MoS 2 /Co 2 O 3 /CNT the glass transition temperature appeared to be significantly lower (equal to about 110 °C) in comparison to another samples. In literature it was reported that poly(lactic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends containing addition of isopropylated triaryl phosphate ester flame retardant displayed accelerated breakdown of polymer during the TGA testing, combined with accelerated melt dripping during the UL-94 rating testing, favouring the melt-flow www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ drip mode of extinguishment 3 . As result of this, PLA/PMMA/FR blends have achieved V-0 classification in the UL-94 test 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/MoS2/carbon nanotubes composites

Homa

Wenelska

2020

Sci Rep

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In this work, few-layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) was functionalized with metal oxide (M x o y ) nanoparticles which served as a catalyst for carbon nanotubes (cnt) growth in the chemical vapour deposition (cVD) process. the resulting MoS 2 /M x o y /cnt functionalized nanomaterials were used for flame retarding application in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The composites were extruded with a twinscrew extruder with different wt% loading of the nanomaterial. Full morphology characterization was performed, as well as detailed analysis of fire performance of the obtained composites in relation to pristine PLA and PLA containing an addition of the composites. The samples containing the addition of MoS 2 /M x o y /CNT displayed up to over 90% decrease in carbon oxide (CO) emission during pyrolysis in respect to pristine PLA. Microscale combustion calorimetry testing revealed reduction of key parameters in comparison to pristine PLA. Laser flash analysis revealed an increase in thermal conductivity of composite samples reaching up to 65% over pristine PLA. These results prove that few-layered 2D nanomaterials such as MoS 2 functionalized with CNT can be effectively used as flame retardance of PLA.Greater use of conventional petroleum based commodity resins in various applications have led to inevitable rise of its ecological footprint. Various new eco-friendly biodegradable polymers were developed in order to counteract this effect. With its biodegradability, low emission of greenhouse gas and low production energy PLA currently stands as one of popular alternatives for conventional polymer materials 1 . Due to its high degree of transparency, good mechanical properties, low toxicity and ability to process using equipment as well as relatively low cost and large production volume it shows high potential for packaging, household and biomedical applications. Nevertheless, other potential applications such as in electronics or automotive industry require PLA grades with high impact strength, better processing ability and improved flame retardant behaviour 2 . In order to meet that demand novel methods of modification need to be developed and applied.A common way of improving flame retardancy of polymer is through combining its matrix with flame retardant filler. In the past improved flame resistance was achieved by introduction of halogenated flame retardants (HFR). Nowadays, it faces severe restrictions in Europe and North America due to the release of toxic substances and large amounts of smoke during combustion 3 . Instead, halogen-free flame retardant formulations function more commonly now as an environmentally friendly alternatives for HFR. These include intumescent flame retardants 4,5 , phosphorus-and nitrogen-containing micro-and nanoparticles 6-8 , inorganic substances and silica derivatives 9 which can be used either individually or in combination 10 to achieve optimal flame retardant performance.Polymer/layered inorganic materials composites have high potential for improving thermal properties of polymers. Mo...

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Thermal and Flame Resistant Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Containing Halogen-free Flame Retardant

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Investigation of melt spinnability of plasticized polylactic acid biocomposites-containing intumescent flame retardant

Investigation of melt spinnability of plasticized polylactic acid biocomposites-containing intumescent flame retardant

Poly(lactic acid) composite films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose and keratin from chicken feather fiber in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Enhanced thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/MoS2/carbon nanotubes composites

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