Thermodynamic Analysis for the Controllability of Elements in the Recycling Process of Metals

Nakajima, Kenichi; Takeda, Osamu; Miki, Tsuneharu; Matsubae, Kazuyo; Nagasaka, Tetsuya

doi:10.1021/es104231n

Cited by 104 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Nakajima et al [9][10][11] have discussed the recyclability of steel, copper, lead, zinc and aluminum products from secondary resources and the limitations on impurity removal in the pyrometallurgical process on the basis of chemical thermodynamics. The element radar charts shown in these studies provide useful information for understanding which minor elements are connected to which commodity metals and which metals can be economically recovered with present-day facilities.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous papers, the thermodynamic criteria for impurity removal from remelted base metals such as steel, copper, lead, zinc and aluminum have been extensively discussed [9][10][11]. The objective of the present paper is to identify quantitative criteria for evaluating the possibility of removing impurities during the magnesium remelting process by considering all the relevant thermodynamic parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic criteria for the removal of impurities from end-of-life magnesium alloys by evaporation and flux treatment

Hiraki

Takeda

Nakajima

et al. 2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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In this paper, the possibility of removing impurities during magnesium recycling with pyrometallurgical techniques has been evaluated by using a thermodynamic analysis. For 25 different elements that are likely to be contained in industrial magnesium alloys, the equilibrium distribution ratios between the metal, slag and gas phases in the magnesium remelting process were calculated assuming binary systems of magnesium and an impurity element. It was found that calcium, gadolinium, lithium, ytterbium and yttrium can be removed from the remelted end-of-life (EoL) magnesium products by oxidization. Calcium, cerium, gadolinium, lanthanum, lithium, plutonium, sodium, strontium and yttrium can be removed by chlorination with a salt flux. However, the other elements contained in magnesium alloy scrap are scarcely removed and this may contribute toward future contamination problems. The third technological option for the recycling of EoL magnesium products is magnesium recovery by a distillation process. Based on thermodynamic considerations, it is predicted that high-purity magnesium can be recovered through distillation because of its high vapor pressure, yet there is a limit on recoverability that depends on the equilibrium vapor pressure of the alloying elements and the large energy consumption. Therefore, the sustainable recycling of EoL magnesium products should be an important consideration in the design of advanced magnesium alloys or the development of new refining processes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic criteria for the removal of impurities from end-of-life magnesium alloys by evaporation and flux treatment

Hiraki

Takeda

Nakajima

et al. 2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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“…This means that the minor elements tend to dissolve in blister copper. The distribution of noble metals in blister copper is high, enabling their recovery [17]. The distribution of elements in converting depends on the matte copper grade.…”

Section: Convertingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ni and Co are distributed into the slag. Valuable Ge, Ga, and In from WEEE are distributed into the slag [17].…”

Section: Convertingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Copper Smelter and Refinery as a Recycling Plant—A System Integrated Approach to Estimate Secondary Raw Material Tolerance

2017

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Abstract:The primary production of sulfide concentrates includes smelting to copper matte or blister copper, conversion of matte to blister copper, and refining to copper. Smelting, converting, and fire-refining can use a limited amount of secondary materials. Molten copper can effectively dissolve many metals, from valuable noble metals to harmful impurities such as bismuth. However, some of the impurity metals in copper are valuable in other applications. In this paper, we outline the main material flows in copper smelting and electrorefining and describe how minor metals can be recovered from secondary raw materials using copper as a carrier material. We will use a system integrated approach to define the factors that affect the recovery of different metals and copper quality. Metals typical in copper production are used as examples, like noble metals, As, Bi, Se, and Te, including metals in the EU critical raw materials list like PGM and Sb.

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“…When steel scrap containing large amounts of Ni and Cr was treated like ordinary steel rather than as a secondary resource for alloy steel, alloy elements were regarded simply as impurities. As a result, almost all of the alloy elements were dissipated into slag, gas phase or left as impurities in metal phase of carbon steels [8]. This current method of steel recycling could result in loss of quality and/or material loss of Ni, Cr and other alloy elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic material flow analysis of nickel and chromium associated with steel materials by using matrace

Takeyama

Ohno

Matsubae

et al. 2016

Matériaux & Techniques

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-A stable supply of alloy elements is essential for steel production, and strategic management of alloy elements is important not only for the steel industry, but for every manufacturing industry However, in the current recycling system, steel scrap is mainly used as a source of iron. When scrap contains large amounts of alloy elements, they were regarded simply as impurities and dissipated Material flow analyses are useful tools for investigating material cycles and reveal important information about the structural problems including dissipation or inefficient usage of target material In this study, dynamic material flow analysis of alloy elements associated with steel materials, especially Ni and Cr was conducted using MaTrace model. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dissipation of Ni and Cr in Japan and the potential to reduce dissipation of Ni and Cr. We determined that 45.7% of Ni, and 81.0% of Cr is dissipated into physical losses and that 14.3% of Ni and 9% of Cr is lost as quality loss over 100 years The main causes of the dissipation are the low recovery rate of scrap from end of life products for Ni, the low yield of refining processes for Cr and the low horizontal recycling rate of special steel excluding Ni-type stainless steel for both elements.

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Thermodynamic Analysis for the Controllability of Elements in the Recycling Process of Metals

Cited by 104 publications

References 33 publications

Thermodynamic criteria for the removal of impurities from end-of-life magnesium alloys by evaporation and flux treatment

Thermodynamic criteria for the removal of impurities from end-of-life magnesium alloys by evaporation and flux treatment

Primary Copper Smelter and Refinery as a Recycling Plant—A System Integrated Approach to Estimate Secondary Raw Material Tolerance

Dynamic material flow analysis of nickel and chromium associated with steel materials by using matrace

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