Thomsen Friedenreich Antigen in Hæmolytic-Uræmic Syndrome

Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome

“…The arterial vessels usually appear normal [12]. Immunofluorescence staining is negative except for weak staining for IgM [6,11,12]. Special staining with immunofluorescence-labeled peanut agglutinin has been found to be positive in the glomeruli [6,11,13,22] and tubules [12] of several patients.…”

“…Schenk et al, in 1970 [4], described three cases of pneumococcal septicemia associated with thrombocytopenia and glomerular and arteriolar thrombosis without mentioning hemolytic anemia or HUS. In 1971 Fischer et al [5] described the association of S. pneumoniae infection with HUS, and, in 1977, Klein et al [6] first reported this condition in the English literature. Early reports indicated that this rare condition was associated with a very poor clinical outcome.…”

“…Early reports indicated that this rare condition was associated with a very poor clinical outcome. Of the 12 patients reported in the English language literature between 1977 and 1987, 50% died and 67% of the survivors developed chronic kidney disease or hypertension [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Fibrin thrombi are seen in the glomerular capillaries in both forms of HUS. Renal cortical necrosis may be present [6]. Occasionally, the fibrin thrombi can extend beyond the capillaries into the afferent arterioles [6].…”

“…Occasionally, the fibrin thrombi can extend beyond the capillaries into the afferent arterioles [6]. Varying degrees of mesangial proliferation, focal or widespread glomerulonephritis, crescent formation, and tubular atrophy may occur [6,11,12]. The arterial vessels usually appear normal [12].…”