Three Classes of Antioxidant Defense Systems and the Development of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a common bone imbalance disease that threatens the health of postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency accelerates the aging of women. Oxidative stress damage is regarded as the main pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the bone microenvironment plays a role in osteoblast and osteoclast apoptosis. Improving the oxidative state is essential for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. There are three classes of antioxidant defense systems in the body to eliminate free radicals and peroxides including antioxidant substances, antioxidant enzymes, and repair enzymes. In our review, we demonstrated the mechanism of antioxidants and their effect on bone metabolism in detail. We concluded that glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) conversion involved the PI3K/Akt-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and that the antioxidant enzyme-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of osteoblasts was necessary for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Since the current therapeutic effects of targeting bone cells are not significant, improving the systemic peroxidation state and then regulating bone homeostasis will be a new method for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Reductase as Indicators of Oxidative Stress Levels May Relate to Geriatric Hip Fractures’ Survival and Walking Ability: A Propensity Score Matching Study

“…Many factors, including fractures, may result in increased oxidative damage via inflammatory pathways and so on, which may consume the efficiency of the antioxidant defense system. 7 , 10 Therefore, we believe that the patients with high SOD or GR may have strong abilities to defend their bones from oxidative stress, and then are more likely to have a more satisfactory rehabilitation. Many studies had shown how the status of oxidative stress impacts bone remolding and bone healing.…”

“…These enzymes can protect DNA, enzymes, and other cell structures from the damage of oxidative stress. 10 …”

“…These enzymes can protect DNA, enzymes, and other cell structures from the damage of oxidative stress. 10 SOD are the metalloproteins, and they have a remarkable efficiency in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide and regulating oxidative stress. 11 Similarly, GR regulates oxidative stress by catalyzing the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH.…”

Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in osteoporosis

“…In our current study, the activities of CAT in the patients associated with osteoporosis (1.7±.0259 U/gHb) were lower relative to those in the controls (4.26±2.056 U/gHb). Deficiency of CAT is responsible for accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which leads to oxidative damage on bones (Yang et al, 2022).…”

Exercise and Exercise Mimetics for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders

“…Starting from the modulation of oxidative stress, several compounds behaving as antioxidants have been tested. From the broad list of antioxidants, vitamins such as C and E, frequently present in commercially available nutraceutical supplements, have been proposed for treating both osteoporosis [76] and osteoarthritis [77,78], simultaneously impacting positively on skeletal muscle mass and function [79]. Given that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, mitochondria-targeted compounds that reduce oxidative stress and improve cellular energy metabolism are desirable.…”