Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing

Abstract

Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery, graphene has gone through many evolution steps and inspired a multitude of applications in many fields, from electronics to life science. The recent advancements in graphene production and patterning, and the inclusion of two-dimensional (2D) graphenic materials in three-dimensional (3D) superstructures, further extended the number of potential applications. In this Review, we focus on laser-induced graphene (LIG), an intriguing 3D porous graphenic material produced by direct laser scribing of carbonaceous precursors, and on its applications in chemical sensors and biosensors. LIG can be shaped in different 3D forms with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is a valuable characteristic for sensors that typically rely on phenomena occurring at surfaces and interfaces. Herein, an overview of LIG, including synthesis from various precursors, structure, and characteristic properties, is first provided. The discussion focuses especially on transport and surface properties, and on how these can be controlled by tuning the laser processing. Progresses and trends in LIG-based chemical sensors are then reviewed, discussing the various transduction mechanisms and different LIG functionalization procedures for chemical sensing. A comparative evaluation of sensors performance is then provided. Finally, sensors for glucose detection are reviewed in more detail, since they represent the vast majority of LIG-based chemical sensors.

The Functional and Application Possibilities of Starch/Chitosan Polymer Composites Modified by Graphene Oxide

“…It can also be easily stretched and coated on the surface of various materials and in different forms, and recent studies have also confirmed its bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties [ 6 , 24 , 25 ]. These unique properties mean that graphene has great potential and it has already been successfully applied in many fields, such as the automotive industry, aerospace, electrical engineering, robotics, solar cells, energy storage, telecommunications, biochemistry and medicine [ 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These advantages make it possible to use graphene for stabilization and structure reinforcement of polymers that have certain limitations; i.e., natural polymers such as starch, chitosan, cellulose, alginates, hyaluronic acid, which, despite their many advantages, show weak barrier properties or poor mechanical properties.…”

Laser‐induced Graphene in Facts, Numbers, and Notes in View of Electroanalytical Applications: A Review

“…Since then, more than a hundred research publications and several review papers have been devoted to the electroanalytical application of LIG electrodes [14][15][16][17]. The current review is also devoted to analyzing works on the role of LIG electrodes in electroanalysis.…”

Designing cross‐linked pyrrole‐thieno [3,4‐ b ] thiophene copolymer to push forward electrochemical performance and access flexible micro‐supercapacitor with ultra‐long cycling stability

“…Nowadays, scientists are more concerned about the miniaturization of supercapacitors and have been working to create micro supercapacitors (MSCs) with the same high power density, fast charging and discharging speed, and long cycle life as conventional supercapacitors. [41][42][43][44][45] Notably, one of the difficulties encountered in the development of MSCs is that for macroscopic supercapacitors, negligible physical effects suddenly become apparent at the microscopic size, which is the law of scale. Likewise, Ppy, a common polymer electrode material, is no exception.…”