Three‐dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal behavior in the early second trimester of pregnancy.

Abstract

Dynamic three-dimensional sonography provides a novel means for evaluation of fetal behavior in the early second trimester of pregnancy. These results suggest that dynamic three-dimensional sonography may be an important modality in future early fetal behavior research and in evaluation of early fetal well-being.

Four‐dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal facial expression early in the third trimester

“…With the development of ultrasonographic techniques, a great deal of progress has been made in the evaluation of the fetal face and behavior [18][19][20][21] and 4-D ultrasonography has considerable advantages over 2-D and 3-D ultrasonography in this field of study. Kurjak and colleagues used 4-D ultrasonography to study 10 healthy fetuses aged from 30 to 33 weeks, and found that eyelid and mouthing dominated at this gestational age [22].…”

Four-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal movement in the late first trimester

“…Jumping movement (8.0 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]) at 12-13 weeks was significantly more frequent than leg (4.0 [1][2][3][4][5]; P b 0.05), short trunk (2.0 [1][2][3][4][5]; P b 0.05), and long trunk (0.0 [0-2]; P b 0.01) movements (Fig. 6).…”

“…There were significant correlations in the frequency of all observed movement patterns assessed via the 2 techniques; however, several movement patterns could be observed only with the 2D sonographic technique in this period of gestation. Conversely, it was noted that the 2D sonographic scan plane facilitated the visualization of fewer fetal parts in any single view [17]. In this respect, 4D may be superior to 2D sonography for the assessment of fetal movement because of its 3D-imaging capabilities.…”

The Assessment of Fetal Neurobehavior with Four-dimensional Ultrasound: The Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test

“…42,43 The criterion of quality and quantity of spontaneous GMs is believed to have excellent reliability in evaluating the integrity of fetal CNS. 22,44 Furthermore, a continuity of behavioral patterns from prenatal to the postnatal period has been proven. [45][46][47] This continuity allows the ultrasonography to derive a fetal assessment from newborn neurologic findings.…”