Three-dimensional susceptibility-weighted imaging at 7 T using fractal-based quantitative analysis to grade gliomas

Ieva, Antonio Di; Göd, Sabine; Gräβner, G.; Grizzi, Fabio; Sherif, Camillo; Matula, Christian; Tschabitscher, Manfred; Trattnig, S.

doi:10.1007/s00234-012-1081-1

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Fractal studies on images of malignant tissues have revealed an increase in fractal dimension in malignant v.s normal tissue and an increase in fractal dimension/complexity with tumor grade in many different forms of cancer including brain [50,51], breast [52,53], cervical [52,54] and hepatocellular carcinomas [55]. These studies demonstrate the clinical potential of fractal analysis in the diagnosis and grading of malignant tumors.…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Moreover, fractal studies have demonstrated a decrease in fractal dimension of the CNS with illness (i.e., Alzheimer's [42], epilepsy [23,24], MS [45], stroke [49]) which correlates with metabolic studies demonstrating a decline in glucose metabolism with illness [83,85,88,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][101][102][103]. Conversely, there are diseases which demonstrate an increase in fractal dimension including cancer [50][51][52][53][54][55] and grey matter structural changes in MS [46]. Of significance, these diseases which demonstrate an increase in fractal dimension also demonstrate an increase in glucose metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, research on fractal dimension and vascular patterns in cancerous tumors have shown varied results. For instance, fractal studies on the microvasculature of grade II and grade III gliomas have demonstrated an increase in fractal dimension with tumor grade [50,51]. Furthermore, studies of hepatocelluar carcinomas have shown an increase in the fractal dimension of vasculature structures in malignant tissue compared to normal tissue, where the vessels of primary tumors showed greater fractal dimension when compared with hepatic metastases [55].…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advantages of such tracers include lower background activity in normal brain tissue and improved detection of low-grade tumors [111,[118][119][120]. In relation to fractal dimension, the hypermetabolism of cancer cells corresponds to the increase in fractal dimension in malignant tissue and with tumor grade in many different forms of cancer including brain [50,51], breast [52,53], cervical [52,54] and hepatocellular carcinomas [55]; and also corresponds to the increase in fractal dimension of tumor vasculature as seen in gliomas [50,51] and hepatocelluar carcinomas [55].…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Does exercise preserve cardiovascular and pulmonary fractal structures, and thus helps preserve maximal oxygen metabolism? As reviewed above within the CNS, cancer appears to be associated with both augmented entropy production and fractal dimension, leading to harm to the host system, often due to overconsumption of energy substrate [50][51][52][53][54][55][104][105][106][107][108][109][112][113][114][115][116]. There is evidence that reducing glucose intake may help reduce progression of cancer, but is not a widely practiced [137][138][139].…”

Section: Pathology Fractal Dimension (Fd) Entropymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fractal Structure and Entropy Production within the Central Nervous System

Seely

Newman

Herry

2014

Entropy

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Abstract:Our goal is to explore the relationship between two traditionally unrelated concepts, fractal structure and entropy production, evaluating both within the central nervous system (CNS). Fractals are temporal or spatial structures with self-similarity across scales of measurement; whereas entropy production represents the necessary exportation of entropy to our environment that comes with metabolism and life. Fractals may be measured by their fractal dimension; and human entropy production may be estimated by oxygen and glucose metabolism. In this paper, we observe fractal structures ubiquitously present in the CNS, and explore a hypothetical and unexplored link between fractal structure and entropy production, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism. Rapid increase in both fractal structures and metabolism occur with childhood and adolescent growth, followed by slow decrease during aging. Concomitant increases and decreases in fractal structure and metabolism occur with cancer vs. Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis, respectively. In addition to fractals being related to entropy production, we hypothesize that the emergence of fractal structures spontaneously occurs because a fractal is more efficient at dissipating energy gradients, thus maximizing entropy production. Experimental evaluation and further understanding of limitations and necessary conditions are indicated to address broad scientific and clinical implications of this work.

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Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathology Fractal Dimension (Fd) Entropymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Fractal Structure and Entropy Production within the Central Nervous System

Seely

Newman

Herry

2014

Entropy

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Clinical applications at ultrahigh field (7 T). Where does it make the difference?

et al. 2015

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Presently, three major MR vendors provide commercial 7-T units for clinical research under ethical permission, with the number of operating 7-T systems having increased to over 50. This rapid increase indicates the growing interest in ultrahigh-field MRI because of improved clinical results with regard to morphological as well as functional and metabolic capabilities. As the signal-to-noise ratio scales linearly with the field strength (B0 ) of the scanner, the most obvious application at 7 T is to obtain higher spatial resolution in the brain, musculoskeletal system and breast. Of specific clinical interest for neuro-applications is the cerebral cortex at 7 T, for the detection of changes in cortical structure as a sign of early dementia, as well as for the visualization of cortical microinfarcts and cortical plaques in multiple sclerosis. In the imaging of the hippocampus, even subfields of the internal hippocampal anatomy and pathology can be visualized with excellent resolution. The dynamic and static blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast increases linearly with the field strength, which significantly improves the pre-surgical evaluation of eloquent areas before tumor removal. Using susceptibility-weighted imaging, the plaque-vessel relationship and iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis can be visualized for the first time. Multi-nuclear clinical applications, such as sodium imaging for the evaluation of repair tissue quality after cartilage transplantation and (31) P spectroscopy for the differentiation between non-alcoholic benign liver disease and potentially progressive steatohepatitis, are only possible at ultrahigh fields. Although neuro- and musculoskeletal imaging have already demonstrated the clinical superiority of ultrahigh fields, whole-body clinical applications at 7 T are still limited, mainly because of the lack of suitable coils. The purpose of this article was therefore to review the clinical studies that have been performed thus far at 7 T, compared with 3 T, as well as those studies performed at 7 T that cannot be routinely performed at 3 T. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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