Three-phase molecularly imprinted sol–gel based hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for enrichment and selective determination of a tentative lung cancer biomarker
“…Typically ionic strength increases extraction efficiency as a result of the commonly known salting-out effect—decreasing the solubility of analytes in the aqueous phase thus enhancing partition into the organic phase [ 12 , 14 ]. However this phenomenon does not hold to an infinite increase in salt concentration, as the concentration increases to some point the extraction efficiency decreases which lowers the enrichment factor, and this may be due to an increase in viscosity of the solution which may lower the mass transfer rate and/or the change in physical properties of the Nernst diffusion layer [ 16 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is fast, efficient, sensitive, and easy to operate and high enrichment process. The high efficiency of HF-LPME is related to the high mass transfer rates of the process [ 12 ]. The type of solvent to be filled and immobilized in the pores of the hollow fibre is a critical factor to consider as the solvent must be compatible with the propylene fibre so as to easily fill the pores, and it should also be immiscible with the water sample and provide high affinity of the target analytes into it with low volatility to avoid evaporation during the extraction but have sufficient vapour pressure to be evaporated in the GC injection port [ 13 – 15 ].…”
We report the application of the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to hollow-fibre membrane-assisted liquid-phase microextraction and its application for extraction of atrazine and triclosan. Under optimum conditions, namely, 25 μL of a 1 : 4 chlorobenzene : ethyl acetate mixture dispersed in 1 mL of aqueous sample, 10% (m/v) NaCl, a magnetic stirrer speed at 600 rpm, and 10 minutes' extraction time with toluene-filled fibre as the acceptor phase, the method demonstrates sufficient figures of merit. These include linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9975), intravial precision (%RSD ≤ 7.6), enrichment factors (127 and 142), limits of detection (0.0081 and 0.0169 µg/mL), and recovery from river water and sewerage (96–101%). The relatively high detection limits are attributed to the flame ionization detector which is less preferred than a mass spectrometer in trace analyses. This is the first report of a homogenous mixture of the dispersed organic solvent in aqueous solutions and its employment in extraction of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. It therefore adds yet another candidate in the pool of miniaturised solvent microextraction techniques.
“…Typically ionic strength increases extraction efficiency as a result of the commonly known salting-out effect—decreasing the solubility of analytes in the aqueous phase thus enhancing partition into the organic phase [ 12 , 14 ]. However this phenomenon does not hold to an infinite increase in salt concentration, as the concentration increases to some point the extraction efficiency decreases which lowers the enrichment factor, and this may be due to an increase in viscosity of the solution which may lower the mass transfer rate and/or the change in physical properties of the Nernst diffusion layer [ 16 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is fast, efficient, sensitive, and easy to operate and high enrichment process. The high efficiency of HF-LPME is related to the high mass transfer rates of the process [ 12 ]. The type of solvent to be filled and immobilized in the pores of the hollow fibre is a critical factor to consider as the solvent must be compatible with the propylene fibre so as to easily fill the pores, and it should also be immiscible with the water sample and provide high affinity of the target analytes into it with low volatility to avoid evaporation during the extraction but have sufficient vapour pressure to be evaporated in the GC injection port [ 13 – 15 ].…”
We report the application of the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to hollow-fibre membrane-assisted liquid-phase microextraction and its application for extraction of atrazine and triclosan. Under optimum conditions, namely, 25 μL of a 1 : 4 chlorobenzene : ethyl acetate mixture dispersed in 1 mL of aqueous sample, 10% (m/v) NaCl, a magnetic stirrer speed at 600 rpm, and 10 minutes' extraction time with toluene-filled fibre as the acceptor phase, the method demonstrates sufficient figures of merit. These include linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9975), intravial precision (%RSD ≤ 7.6), enrichment factors (127 and 142), limits of detection (0.0081 and 0.0169 µg/mL), and recovery from river water and sewerage (96–101%). The relatively high detection limits are attributed to the flame ionization detector which is less preferred than a mass spectrometer in trace analyses. This is the first report of a homogenous mixture of the dispersed organic solvent in aqueous solutions and its employment in extraction of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. It therefore adds yet another candidate in the pool of miniaturised solvent microextraction techniques.
Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) as extraordinary compounds with unique features have presented a wide range of applications and benefits to researchers. In particular when used as a sorbent in sample preparation methods for the analysis of biological samples and complex matrices. Its application in the extraction of medicinal species has attracted much attention and a growing interest. This review focus on articles and research that deals with the application of MIPs in the analysis of components such as biomarkers, drugs, hormones, blockers and inhibitors, especially in biological matrices. The studies based on MIP applications in bioanalysis and the deployment of MIPs in high-throughput settings and optimization of extraction methods are presented. A review of more than 200 articles and research works clearly shows that the superiority of MIP techniques lies in high accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, speed and cost effectiveness which make them suitable for clinical usage. Furthermore, this review present MIP-based extraction techniques and MIP-biosensors which are categorized on their classes based on common properties of target components. Extraction methods, studied sample matrices, target analytes, analytical techniques and their results for each study are described. Investigations indicate satisfactory results using MIP-based bioanalysis. According to the increasing number of studies on method development over the last decade, the use of MIPs in bioanalysis is growing and will further expand the scope of MIP applications for less studied samples and analytes.
“…The transfer speed of an analyte from solution to the surface is a key factor in HF performance which can be facilitated using solution stirring. Various modified sorts of HFs are mostly applied in the liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) field [45].…”
Section: Hollow Fiber and Nanofiber Modification And Preparation Wmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, the surface of a hollow fiber membrane was modified with MSG as LPME sorbent for the extraction of hippuric acid from human plasma and urine samples [45]. In this work a polysulfone HF membrane surface was modified with the sol-gel method and used for LPME extraction of hippuric acid from complex matrixes.…”
Section: Hollow Fiber and Nanofiber Modification And Preparation Wmentioning
Due to their selectivity and chemical stability, molecularly imprinted polymers have attracted great interest in sample preparation. Imprinted polymers have been applied for the extraction and the enrichment of different sorts of trace analytes in biological and environmental samples before their analysis. Additionally, MIPs are utilized in various sample preparation techniques such as SPE, SPME, SBSE and MEPS. Nevertheless, molecularly imprinted polymers suffer from thermal (stable only up to 150 °C) and mechanical stability issues, improper porosity and poor capacity. The sol-gel methodology as a promising alternative to address these limitations allowing the production of sorbents with controlled porosity and higher surface area. Thus the combination of molecularly imprinted technology and sol-gel technology can create influential materials with high selectivity, high capacity and high thermal stability. This work aims to present an overview of molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymerization methods and their applications in analytical and bioanalytical fields.
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