Three Previously Undescribed Viruses from the Honey Bee

Bailey, L.; Woods, R. D.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-25-2-175

Cited by 92 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In 1974, Bailey and his colleague reported a similar front-leg symptom in honeybees infected with SBPV 1 or 2 days before death (Bailey & Woods, 1974). Unfortunately, we cannot compare the current front-leg symptoms to the previous one in detail since no visual material of Bailey's observation was preserved.…”

Section: Discussion Symptoms After Infection With Iapvmentioning

confidence: 93%

Israeli acute paralysis virus associated paralysis symptoms, viral tissue distribution and Dicer-2 induction in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris)

Wang

Meeus

Smagghe

2016

Journal of General Virology

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Although it is known that Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can cause bee mortality, the symptoms of paralysis and the distribution of the virus in different body tissues and their potential to respond with an increase of the siRNA antiviral immune system have not been studied. In this project we worked with Bombus terrestris, which is one of the most numerous bumblebee species in Europe and an important pollinator for wild flowers and many crops in agriculture. Besides the classic symptoms of paralysis and trembling prior to death, we report a new IAPVrelated symptom, crippled/immobilized forelegs. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR showed that IAPV accumulates in different body tissues (midgut, fat body, brain and ovary). The highest levels of IAPV were observed in the fat body. With fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we detected IAPV in the Kenyon cells of mushroom bodies and neuropils from both antennal and optic lobes of the brain in IAPV-infected workers. Finally, we observed an induction of Dicer-2, a core gene of the RNAi antiviral immune response, in the IAPV-infected tissues of B. terrestris workers. According to our results, tissue tropism and the induction strength of Dicer-2 could not be correlated with virus-related paralysis symptoms. INTRODUCTIONHoneybees and bumblebees are the two most important bee species used in modern apiculture and agriculture. They host many viruses. When looking at the honeybee, there have been around 23 viruses reported and many of these viruses only persist as covert and asymptomatic infections which show no detectable impact at both the individual and colony level (McMenamin & Genersch, 2015). However, under certain conditions, for example the presence of the ectoparasitic honeybee mite Varroa destructor, the covert infections of some viruses turn into overt ones with observable symptoms (Martin et al., 2012;McMahon et al., 2015;Singh et al., 2010). The symptoms of overt infections vary from virus to virus, including deformed wings, discoloration, hair losses, bloated abdomen, paralysis, decreased locomotion, impaired cognition and both brood and adult mortality (Lanzi et al., 2006;McMenamin & Genersch, 2015;Singh et al., 2010). Some symptoms can be easily recognized by the behaviour and appearance of the infected bees, while others can only be confirmed through meticulous and continuous observations or by molecular techniques.In bumblebees (Bombus spp.) a subset of honeybee-infecting viruses has been reported, such as deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV) and Lake Sinai virus (LSV) (Genersch et al., 2006;Levitt et al., 2013;Parmentier et al., 2016;Peng et al., 2011). However, only DWV, KBV and IAPV have been reported to cause clinical symptoms (Genersch et al., 2006;Meeus et al., 2014). DWV caused crippled wings in bumblebee (Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum) workers even without ...

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Section: Discussion Symptoms After Infection With Iapvmentioning

confidence: 93%

Israeli acute paralysis virus associated paralysis symptoms, viral tissue distribution and Dicer-2 induction in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris)

Wang

Meeus

Smagghe

2016

Journal of General Virology

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“…Arkansas bee virus (ABV) and Berkeley bee picorna-like virus (BBPV) are two viruses first identified in the USA (Bailey and Woods, 1974;Lommel et al, 1985;Bailey and Ball, 1991) of which very little is known other than that they often occur together. They have no known symptoms in adult bees or brood.…”

Section: Arkansas Bee Virus and Berkeley Bee Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) is characterised by the paralysis of the front two pairs of legs of adult bees, a few days before dying, after inoculation by injection (Bailey and Woods, 1974). The virus is associated with, and transmitted by, V. destructor (Bailey and Ball, 1991;Denholm, 1999).…”

Section: Slow Bee Paralysis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard methods for virus research inApis mellifera

Miranda

Bailey

Ball

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Research

272

229

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SummaryHoney bee virus research is an enormously broad area, ranging from subcellular molecular biology through physiology and behaviour, to individual and colony-level symptoms, transmission and epidemiology. The research methods used in virology are therefore equally diverse.This article covers those methods that are very particular to virological research in bees, with numerous cross-referrals to other BEEBOOK papers on more general methods, used in virology as well as other research. At the root of these methods is the realization that viruses at their most primary level inhabit a molecular, subcellular world, which they manipulate and interact with, to produce all higher order phenomena associated with virus infection and disease. Secondly, that viruses operate in an exponential world, while the host operates in a linear world and that much of the understanding and management of viruses hinges on reconciling these fundamental mathematical differences between virus and host. The article concentrates heavily on virus propagation and methods for detection, with minor excursions into surveying, sampling management and background information on the many viruses found in bees. Métodos estándar para la investigación de virus en Apis mellifera ResumenLa investigación de los virus de la abeja de la miel es un área sumamente amplia, que abarca desde la biología molecular subcelular hasta la fisiología y el comportamiento, desde síntomas al nivel de individuo hasta al nivel de la colmena, transmisión y epidemiología. Los métodos de investigación en virología son, por tanto, diversos. Este artículo incluye aquellos métodos específicos de la investigación virológica en las abejas, con numerosas referencias cruzadas con otros artículos del BEEBOOK y otros más generales, usados tanto en virología como en otras disciplinas. La base de estos métodos es la comprensión de los virus en su nivel primario de hábitat molecular, ambiente subcelular, que manipulan y con el que interactúan, para producir otros fenómenos de orden superior asociados a la infección del virus y la enfermedad. En segundo lugar, estos virus actúan en un mundo exponencial, mientras que los hospedadores actúan en un mundo lineal y gran parte del entendimiento y manejo de los virus depende de los fundamentos matemáticos de las diferencias entre el virus y el hospedador. El artículo se centra principalmente en la propagación de virus y en los métodos para su detección, con inclusiones menores en su estudio, el manejo del muestreo y la información general sobre los numerosos virus que se encuentran en las abejas.

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“…The iflavirus slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) was identified in 1974 in the United Kingdom as a causative agent of honeybee colony mortality (2,3). The related iflaviruses deformed wing virus and varroa destructor virus are found worldwide and, in combination with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, cause collapses of honeybee colonies (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryo-EM study of slow bee paralysis virus at low pH reveals iflavirus genome release mechanism

Kalynych

Füzik

Přidal

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Viruses from the family Iflaviridae are insect pathogens. Many of them, including slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), cause lethal diseases in honeybees and bumblebees, resulting in agricultural losses. Iflaviruses have nonenveloped icosahedral virions containing single-stranded RNA genomes. However, their genome release mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that low pH promotes SBPV genome release, indicating that the virus may use endosomes to enter host cells. We used cryo-EM to study a heterogeneous population of SBPV virions at pH 5.5. We determined the structures of SBPV particles before and after genome release to resolutions of 3.3 and 3.4 Å, respectively. The capsids of SBPV virions in low pH are not expanded. Thus, SBPV does not appear to form "altered" particles with pores in their capsids before genome release, as is the case in many related picornaviruses. The egress of the genome from SBPV virions is associated with a loss of interpentamer contacts mediated by N-terminal arms of VP2 capsid proteins, which result in the expansion of the capsid. Pores that are 7 Å in diameter form around icosahedral threefold symmetry axes. We speculate that they serve as channels for the genome release. Our findings provide an atomic-level characterization of the genome release mechanism of iflaviruses.electron microscopy | uncoating | honeybee | structure | virus

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Three Previously Undescribed Viruses from the Honey Bee

Cited by 92 publications

References 7 publications

Israeli acute paralysis virus associated paralysis symptoms, viral tissue distribution and Dicer-2 induction in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris)

Israeli acute paralysis virus associated paralysis symptoms, viral tissue distribution and Dicer-2 induction in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris)

Standard methods for virus research inApis mellifera

Cryo-EM study of slow bee paralysis virus at low pH reveals iflavirus genome release mechanism

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