Thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by black phosphorus nanoplatelets-based saturable absorber

et al. 2016

Opt. Mater. Express

Size dependence of the saturable absorption (SA) property for black phosphorus (BP) was investigated. Three types of BP dispersions with different sizes were prepared using the liquid phase exfoliation method. By fitting the Z-scan data with the analytical solution of the propagation equation, the SA coefficients NL α and the imaginary part of the third order optical susceptibility (3) Im χ are compared at two specific wavelengths, one above the bandgap of the BP monolayer at 515 nm and another between the bandgaps of the monolayer and bulk at 1030 nm. A figure of merit (FOM, |Imχ (3) /α 0 |, α 0 linear absorption) was employed to assess the SA performance of the three different dispersions. The FOM, about (2.1 ± 0.3) × 10 −14 esu cm at 515 nm, hardly depends on the size and hence the layer number of the dispersed BP nanosheets, whereas that at 1030 nm decreases from (1.14 ± 0.20) × 10 −14 to (0.50 ± 0.02) × 10 −14 esu cm when the size of the nanosheets becomes smaller. Zhang, G. S. Duesberg, and J. Wang, "Direct observation of degenerate two-photon absorption and its saturation in WS 2 and MoS 2 monolayer and few-layer films," ACS Nano 9(7), 7142-7150 (2015). 26. K. Wang, Y. Feng, C. Chang, J. Zhan, C. Wang, Q. Zhao, J. N. Coleman, L. Zhang, W. J. Blau, and J. Wang, "Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-dependent saturable absorption and mode-locking of dispersed black phosphorus nanosheets

Zhang

et al. 2016

Opt. Mater. Express

“…As shown in Figure 6f, the output power of the 2D GDY TDF laser is almost proportional to the pump power in the single pulse mode. The maximum output power of the laser is 36.4 mW at 1200 mW pump power, while the maximum output power of graphene [ 56 ] and BP [ 60 ] are 1.21 mW and 8.45 mW, respectively ( Table 2 ). Figure graphically compares the performance of 2 µm MDFL based on various 2D materials, and intuitively demonstrates the advantages of GDY.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphdiyne as a Promising Mid‐Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast Photonics

Guo

Advanced Optical Materials

Shi

et al. 2020

fascinating physical and chemical properties. At present, two dimensional (2D) materials with brilliant nonlinear optical (NLO) properties play an key role in modern photonics since the appearance of graphene. [15] However, GDY, as a 2D allotrope of graphene, is still in the primary stage of its application in photonic fields. [16,17] On the basis of previous research results, the advantages of GDY as a NLO material for photonic devices are obvious. First, it is essentially different from the zero-band gap of graphene. GDY has a tunable direct band gap of 0.46-1.10 eV (according to different simulated methods), [18][19][20] which shows that GDY has great potential in the application of photonic devices based on optical switch function. Besides, in the structure of GDY, the alkyne bonds and sub-nanopore, provide a large number of reaction sites for its functionalization. In this context, the optical energy gap of the original GDY can be tuned in a wide range of wavelengths by controlling the type and amount of doped atoms (e.g., boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur), [21][22][23] which makes GDY a more compatible NLO material. Recently, we used the method of spatial self-phase modulation to demonstrate the strong broadband Kerr nonlinearity and large nonlinear refractive index (in the order of ≈10 −5 cm 2 W −1 ) of GDY, [24] which indicates that GDY can be widely used in multi-functional photonic devices. Compared with the unstable black phosphorus (BP), the GDY material can remain stable up to 1000 K and its service life at room temperature is extremely long. [25] The excellent stability of GDY prevents it from photooxidation and photo degradation under high strong light irradiation, which is of crucial significance for the development of photonic devices that can be used for a long term. In view of this, the research and development of advanced multifunctional photonics devices (e.g., detector, photonic diode, switcher, sensors, and modulator) based on GDY is not only of great significance to fully understand the optical performance of all-carbon nanomaterials, but also promotes the development of photonic devices based on 2D materials.Ultrafast lasers which can be passively generated using saturable absorption of 2D materials play a pivotal role in various cutting-edge technologies such as micromachining, [26] hyperfine medical surgery, [27] and ultrafast information processing. [28] However, up to now, most of the ultrashort pulse generation Graphdiyne (GDY) is a novel 2D all-carbon nanomaterial, which has an intransic band gap, strong light-matter interaction, and large optical absorption in the infrared region, indicating that it has great potential in the field of mid-infrared ultrafast photonics. Here, a Z-scan method is used to demonstrate the broadband and strong nonlinear optical (NLO) response of GDY, and its performance in the application of mid-infrared ultrafast photonics is explored for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that its nonlinear parameters are superior to the current...

“…The broadband non-linear optical response of BP was confirmed by the wideband open-aperture Z-scan measurement technique from the visible to mid-infrared region [208]. Since the first demonstration of BP-based passively mode-locked fiber lasers [209], BP has been used to mode lock fiber lasers in the 1-μm [42,131], 1.5-μm [119-121, 125, 197], and 2-μm regions [122,144] by the solution-processing method, as well as to Q-switch fiber lasers [116,123,126,127,130,132,210]. For example, Qin et al reported on BP fabricated by LPE for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm, where the maximum average power of 485 mW with pulse energy of 7.7 μJ was achieved [117].…”

Section: Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The most popular exfoliation method used to fabricate SAs is ultrasonication, in which ultrasound waves are employed to disrupt the weak inter-layer van der Waals forces within the 2D crystal ( Figure 1A, B). Ultrasonication has proved effective for most 2DM-based SAs, including graphene [36,41,[62][63][64][65][66][67]133], TIs [16, 59, 89, 91, 105, 107-111, 114, 136-138], TMDs [19, 39, 60, 74, 83-89, 91, 92, 96, 97, 99-104, 135, 139-142], and BP [42,[116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][143][144][145]. Its popularity arises from the ease of use, low cost, and immediate availability across most laboratories [55,146,147].…”

Section: Exfoliation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for ultrafast fiber lasers (invited)

Sun

et al. 2020

Nanophotonics

AbstractSince graphene was first reported as a saturable absorber to achieve ultrafast pulses in fiber lasers, many other two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as topological insulators, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXenes, have been widely investigated in fiber lasers due to their broadband operation, ultrafast recovery time, and controllable modulation depth. Recently, solution-processing methods for the fabrication of 2D materials have attracted considerable interest due to their advantages of low cost, easy fabrication, and scalability. Here, we review the various solution-processed methods for the preparation of different 2D materials. Then, the applications and performance of solution-processing-based 2D materials in fiber lasers are discussed. Finally, a perspective of the solution-processed methods and 2D material-based saturable absorbers are presented.