“…These two observations may seem less relevant due to the configurations of centrifuge tests, e.g. [7] (no rubble base and equivalent mechanical loading to simulate wave loading). The reason for the seaward tilt failure has been attributed to several mechanisms, including seabed scour or soil liquefaction underneath the breakwater heel (seaward side) and seawards directed impacts caused by excessive wave overtopping, which result in caisson tilting seawards.…”