Time-specific and population-level differences in physiological responses of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) exposed to copper

Analyzing the effectiveness of using branchial NKA activity as a biomarker for assessing waterborne copper toxicity in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): A damage-based modeling approach

“…Copper (Cu) is both an essential element in aquatic ecosystems, and a non-degradable cumulative pollutant that is released by various industrial, aquacultural and other anthropogenic activities. It exerts a wide range of pathologic effects on fish (Dang et al, 2012;Peles et. al., 2012;Tsai et al, 2013).…”

“…Biomarkers have therefore been suggested as effective tools for assessing risk from field exposure because they integrate the exposure route, time and concentration of chemical uptake, and the induced intrinsic responses of exposed organisms at individual and population levels (Brooks et al, 2009;Peles et al, 2012;Pain-Devin et al, 2014).…”