Timing and conditions of clay fault gouge formation on the Naxos detachment (Cyclades, Greece)

Mancktelow, Neil S.; Zwingmann, Horst; Mulch, Andreas

doi:10.1002/2016tc004251

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Schleicher et al (2015) deduced from laboratory friction experiments that smectite collapses under the effects of shear heating, but recovers soon after the end of deformation, which could have implications for velocity weakening versus strengthening behaviour. Mancketelow et al (2016) inferred that the development of clay gouge on the Naxos detachment may have contributed to fault weakening, thus aiding the rate of exhumation and cooling of the footwall. These studies (and many others) point to the importance of deformation-driven clay mineral reactions in active and seismogenic faults, just as deformation-driven reactions appear crucial for dating studies, but the effects of syn-deformation reactions on fault properties are underexplored.…”

Section: Sixteen Years Of Fault Gouge-dating Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault gouge dating: history and evolution

Vrolijk

Pevear²,

Covey³

et al. 2018

Clay miner.

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Radiometric dating of fault gouges has become a useful tool for regional tectonics studies and for exploring and understanding fault and earthquake processes. Methods to define the absolute age of faults achieved a solid scientific foundation almost 25 years ago when the development and application of illite age analysis for investigating sedimentary burial and thermal histories found a new potential application – defining the age of fold-and-thrust development. Since then, the methods have benefitted from further development and incorporation of the 40Ar/39Ar micro-encapsulation method and quantitative clay mineral evaluation to distinguish polytypes (Wildfire). These refinements to the methods have improved their application in fold-and-thrust terrains and have opened up applications in normal and strike-slip fault environments. Another important development is the use of absolute dating methods in retrograde clay gouges in which clays in a fault develop from igneous or metamorphic wall rocks that contain no clays. In addition, the method has also been shown to be useful at dating folds in fold-and-thrust belts. We think the method is now an established part of the geological toolkit, look forward to future fault structural and tectonic studies that incorporate fault ages and hope that researchers continue to probe and discover ways that the method can assist fault process studies, including earthquake fault studies.

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Section: Sixteen Years Of Fault Gouge-dating Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault gouge dating: history and evolution

Vrolijk

Pevear²,

Covey³

et al. 2018

Clay miner.

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“…In this study, we limit ourselves to the description of sheet-silicates. This mineral group is important as a thermo-barometer (e.g., Vidal and Parra, 2000;Parra et al, 2002;Dubacq et al, 2010) and is useful for dating by the Ar-system (e.g., Reichenbach and Rich, 1969;Kelley, 1988;Villa, 1998;van der Pluijm et al, 2001;Mulch et al, 2002;Rolland et al, 2009;Zwingmann et al, 2010;Sanchez et al, 2011;Derkowski et al, 2014;Lanari et al 2014b;Kellett et al, 2016;Viola et al 2016;Mancktelow et al, 2016). The link between microstructures, chemical and isotopic data provides insights in potential equilibrium volumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructures, mineral chemistry and geochronology of white micas along a retrograde evolution: An example from the Aar massif (Central Alps, Switzerland)

et al. 2017

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This study investigates gneissic tectonites of different mechanical origins, and aims at unravelling the link between microstructures, white mica chemistry and K-Ar data. The highest temperature mylonitic deformation, which is investigated, is dominated by dislocation creep in monomineralic quartz, and viscous granular flow in polymineralic domains. These mylonites show homogenous mineral chemistry, resulting in robust and consistent K-Ar age data. The lowest temperature deformation investigated, is that of a retrograde brittle deformation, producing cohesionless fault gouges. Within the cohesionless fault gouges, frictional granular flow is considered as the main deformation mechanism. The K-bearing phases inside the fault gouges record no chemical resetting during this brittle overprint, but contain mechanically fragmented K-bearing micas and significant amounts of newly produced smectite. This yields K-Ar ages inside of a gouge that are in the range of adjacent mylonite ages, and may not represent the timing of gouge formation. In an effort to understand these uncertainties in K-Ar ages, detailed observations of the microstructural context of K-bearing white mica were made. Microstructural criteria in combination with quantitative element mapping allowed for the discrimination of five important micarelated processes: (1) fracturing/recrystallization of white mica; (2) (re)-precipitation of new fine-grained white mica inside the deforming rock matrix; (3) pseudomorphic replacement of precursor minerals by white mica and chlorite; (4) pseudomorphic replacement of pre-existing white mica without grain size reduction; and (5) remnant grains. The combination of these different processes led to a high variability in mineral chemistry and isotope data for tectonites, which relates directly to variations in the size of the equilibrium volumes. Despite the samples being highly deformed in the presence of fluids, inherited sheet silicates may survive. If inherited sheet silicates are present they contribute to an increase in both the chemical heterogeneity and the apparent K-Ar ages of a sample.

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“…A plethora of fault-dating studies have since been published ( e.g. Vrolijk & van der Pluijm, 1999; Ylagan et al , 2002; Solum & van der Pluijm, 2005, 2007; van der Pluijm et al , 2006; Mänttärri et al , 2007; Haines & van der Pluijm, 2008; Schleicher et al , 2010; Zwingmann et al , 2010, 2011; Duvall et al , 2011; Rahl et al , 2011; Verdel et al , 2011; Pleuger et al , 2012; Donohue, 2013; Hetzel et al , 2013; Viola et al , 2013, 2016; Yamasaki et al , 2013; Bense et al , 2014; Song et al , 2014; Garduño-Martinez et al , 2015; Mancktelow et al , 2015, 2016; Abd Elmola et al , 2018) to determine tectonic and deformation history in a wide range of geological settings.…”

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confidence: 99%

Clay mineral dating of displacement on the Sronlairig Fault: implications for Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution in northern Scotland

et al. 2019

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Temporary excavations during the construction of the Glendoe Hydro Scheme above Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland exposed a clay-rich fault gouge in Dalradian Supergroup psammite. The gouge coincides with the mapped trace of the subvertical Sronlairig Fault, a feature related in part to the Great Glen and Ericht–Laidon faults, which had been interpreted to result from brittle deformation during the Caledonian orogeny (c. 420–390 Ma). Exposure of this mica-rich gouge represented an exceptional opportunity to constrain the timing of the gouge-producing movement on the Sronlairig Fault using isotopic analysis to date the growth of authigenic (essentially synkinematic) clay mineralization. A series of fine-size separates was isolated prior to K–Ar analysis. Novel, capillary-encapsulated X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to ensure nearly perfect, random orientation and to facilitate the identification and quantification of mica polytypes. Coarser size fractions are composed of greater proportions of the 2M1 illite polytype. Finer size fractions show increasing proportions of the 1M illite polytype, with no evidence of 2M1 illite in the finest fractions. A series of Illite Age Analysis plots produced excellent R2 values with calculated mean ages of 296 ± 7 Ma (Late Carboniferous–Early Permian) for the oldest (2M1) illite and 145 ± 7 Ma (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) for the youngest (1M) illite. The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian (Faulting event 1) age may represent resetting of earlier-formed micas or authigenesis during dextral displacement of the Great Glen Fault Zone (GGFZ). Contemporaneous WNW(NW)–ESE(SE) extension was important for basin development and hydrocarbon migration in the Pentland Firth and Moray Firth regions. The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (Faulting event 2) age corresponds with Moray Firth Basin development and indicates that the GGFZ and related structures may have acted to partition the active extension in the Moray Firth region from relative inactivity in the Pentland Firth area at this time. These new age dates demonstrate the long-lived geological activity on the GGFZ, particularly so in post-Caledonian times where other isotopic evidence for younger tectonic overprints is lacking.

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Timing and conditions of clay fault gouge formation on the Naxos detachment (Cyclades, Greece)

Cited by 22 publications

References 59 publications

Fault gouge dating: history and evolution

Fault gouge dating: history and evolution

Microstructures, mineral chemistry and geochronology of white micas along a retrograde evolution: An example from the Aar massif (Central Alps, Switzerland)

Clay mineral dating of displacement on the Sronlairig Fault: implications for Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution in northern Scotland

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