To What Extent Is Memory Measured by a Single Recall?

Brown, W. P.

doi:10.1037/h0073877

Cited by 96 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…With oral recall, however, Ss certainly had enough time to say more words in an output phase than they ever did. Moreover, data suggestive of similar variability in recall have been reported by Brown (1923) under conditions where Ss had ample time for recall.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

The effects of presentation and recall of material in free-recall learning

Tulving

1967

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior

345

221

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The results of two free-recall learning experiments, in which the number and sequential combinations of input and output phases were systematically varied, indicated that (a) recall tests facilitate the overall immediate post-input recall approximately to the same extent as do the events occurring in input phases, (b) input and output events are approximately equally responsible for forgetting of individual items from one output phase to another, (c) the earlier contention that intratrial retention remains constant over trials is untenable, and (d) recall of individual items is quite labile even when overall recall is stable. The findings were interpreted in support of the view of memory as a limited-capacity retrieval system in which the limit is set by the number, but not by the nature of the contents, of accessible memory units.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

The effects of presentation and recall of material in free-recall learning

Tulving

1967

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior

345

221

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“…It is, therefore, necessary to examine the total number of different items recalled cumulatively across recall trials. Figure 2, which shows the total number of different items recalled at least once, reveals clearly that all groups, including the words group, recovered additional items over repeated recall trials without further presentation, and that the initial recall trial did not exhaust the information retained in long-term memory (see also Ballard, 1913;Breuer & Freud, 1895/1966Brown, 1923;Buschke, 1973Buschke, , 1974aBuschke, , b, 1975aErdelyi & Becker, 1974;Fuld & Buschke, in press;Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypermnesia for Socratic stimuli: The growth of recall for an internally generated memory list abstracted from a series of riddles

1977

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Hypermnesia (the increase of recall with time and effort) was tested and contrasted for three conditions of input, each thought to involve different levels of cognitive processing. The basic design involved a multitrial free recall procedure, with groups differing only in the presentation of materials to be remembered. The words subjects (most superficial cognitive processing) recalled a serial list of 40 words; the pictures subjects recalled the same series of 40 pictures; and the Socratic subjects (deepest cognitive processing) recalled an internally generated memory set consisting of covert solutions to 40 riddles. which had been pretested to yield the same 40 items as those of the other groups. While all groups showed spontaneous recovery of additional items on repeated recall without further presentation, as well as faster retrieval rates in early portions of successive recall trials, the increase in the number of items recalled on each trial was greatest for the Socratic group, intermediate for the pictures group, and least for the words group. suggesting that the greater the depth of cognitive processing, the greater the magnitude of hypermnesia.

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“…Item-fate analysis is routinely performed in cognitive psychology (Ballard, 1913;Brown, 1923;Erdelyi, 1984;Tulving, 1964Tulving, , 1967, just to cite the pioneers). However, it is only recently that Fenn and Hambrick (2013) used this approach to look at the effect of sleep, unfortunately rather unconvincingly, as I will demonstrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep not just protects memories against forgetting, it also makes them more accessible

Dumay

2016

Cortex

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In press at Cortex 2 AbstractTwo published datasets (Dumay & Gaskell, 2007, Psychological Science; Tamminen, Payne, Stickgold, Wamsley, & Gaskell, 2010, Journal of Neuroscience) showing a positive influence of sleep on declarative memory were re-analyzed, focusing on the "fate" of each item at the 0-hr test and 12-hr retest. In particular, I looked at which items were retrieved at test, and "maintained" (i.e., not forgotten) at retest, and which items were not retrieved at test, but eventually "gained" at retest. This gave me separate estimates of protection against loss and memory enhancement, which the classic approach relying on net recall/recognition levels has remained blind to. In both free recall and recognition, the likelihood of maintaining an item between test and retest, like that of gaining one at retest, was higher when the retention interval was filled with nocturnal sleep, as opposed to day-time (active) wakefulness. And, in both cases, the effect of sleep was stronger on gained than maintained items. Thus, if sleep indeed protects against retroactive, unspecific interference, it also clearly promotes access to those memories initially too weak to be retrieved. These findings call for an integrated approach including both passive (cell-level) and active (systems-level) consolidation, possibly unfolding in an opportunistic fashion.

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To What Extent Is Memory Measured by a Single Recall?

Cited by 96 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of presentation and recall of material in free-recall learning

The effects of presentation and recall of material in free-recall learning

Hypermnesia for Socratic stimuli: The growth of recall for an internally generated memory list abstracted from a series of riddles

Sleep not just protects memories against forgetting, it also makes them more accessible

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