Tolerance to rewarding brain electrical stimulation: Differential effects of contingent and non-contingent activation of parabrachial complex and lateral hypothalamus

Differential rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and parabrachial complex: Functional characterization and the relevance of opioid systems and dopamine

“…This result may be related to the important role for addicted individuals of the places in which the drugs are taken (Koob and Le Moal, 2000; Koob et al, 2014) and to the development of dependency and/or tolerance with repeated administrations (See, 2002). In this regard, a tolerance effect has been observed after repeated stimulation of the LPBe, especially when administered passively (not contingently) by the experimenter (Hurtado and Puerto, 2016, 2018) These findings are in agreement with the report by other authors that withdrawal reactions were precipitated by a peripherally acting opioid antagonist that generated activation throughout the visceral pathway, specifically in the LPBe (Hamlin et al, 2001).…”

“…Indeed, some authors have attributed the LPBe with a key role in processing the discriminative properties of morphine (Jaeger and Van der Kooy, 1993) and probably the aversive properties derived from peripheral visceral effects (Bechara et al, 1993;Nader et al, 1996). However, the LPBe may also be essential for the rewarding properties of drugs that act on the opiate system (Hurtado and Puerto, 2018;Simon et al, 2007Simon et al, , 2011.…”