Tonic immobility and the serotonergic system in chickens: Differential blockade of receptors by cyproheptadine and cinanserin

Hennig, Charles W.; W, Steinhoff; Braughler, Susen A.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90340-x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In particular, there seems to be an inverse relationship between the electrical activity in the raphe nuclei and the duration of tonic immobility. The neural silencing of this region, caused by tonic immobility, activates descending pathways that produce motor inhibition, including the suppression of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes (Carli, 1977;Hennig et al, 1988;Klemm, 1977Klemm, , 2001Maser et al, 1975;Wallnau & Gallup, 1977).…”

Section: Tonic Immobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The involvement of specific nerve centers in the medullary and pontine portions of the brainstem reticular formation; for instance, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the magnocellular nucleus, the gigantocellular nucleus (Carli, 1977; Ferreira & Menescal-de-Oliveira, 2009; Hobson et al, 2000; Jouvet, 1999; Klemm, 1977, 2001). Decreased activity of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem; for example, in the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus (Farabollini, Carli, & Lupo, 1984; Ferreira & Menescal-de-Oliveira, 2009; Hennig, Steinhoff, & Braughler, 1988; Hobson et al, 2000; Jouvet, 1999; Maser, Gallup, & Hicks, 1975). Ocular movements, facial twitches, and limb jerks (Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1953; Carli, 1977; Gallup, 1977; Jouvet, 1999; Lefebvre & Sabourin, 1977; Whishaw, Flannigan, & Barnsley, 1979, pp.…”

Section: The Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreased activity of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem; for example, in the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus (Farabollini, Carli, & Lupo, 1984; Ferreira & Menescal-de-Oliveira, 2009; Hennig, Steinhoff, & Braughler, 1988; Hobson et al, 2000; Jouvet, 1999; Maser, Gallup, & Hicks, 1975).…”

Section: The Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, a number of studies have found that low levels of serotonin potentiate the response and high levels attenuate it. Similarly, blocking the action of serotonin by injection of serotonin antagonists (e.g., ergotamine) prolongs the duration of tonic immobility (Farabollini et al, 1984; Ferreira & Menescal-de-Oliveira, 2009; Hennig et al, 1979, 1988; Maser et al, 1975; Wallnau & Gallup, 1977). This observation is in line with findings from other areas of animal behavior.…”

Section: Control Mechanisms Of Tonic Immobility and Muscular Atoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis.

Tsoukalas

2012

Dreaming

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This article presents a new theory about the origin of REM sleep. REM is an integral part of the human sleep cycle and the neurological substrate most consistently associated with dreams and dream recall. According to this thesis, REM sleep evolved out of a primordial defensive reflex: tonic immobility. This reflex, sometimes also called death-feigning or animal hypnosis, is usually the last line of defense against an attacking predator. Tonic immobility, common in both vertebrates and invertebrates, has a number of neuroanatomical and behavioral attributes that overlap with those of REM sleep. This overlap is suggestive of an evolutionary kinship. The article presents conceptual arguments and empirical facts in support of this relationship.

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