“…In Caines & Chan (1975) Anderson (1981) it is shown that it is possible to distinguish between open and closed-loop data generating systems. The reasoning is extended to more complex interconnection structures using a non-parametric approach (Materassi & Innocenti, 2010;Materassi & Salapaka, 2012); using a Bayesian approach (Chuiso & Pillonetto, 2012); and using a parametric approach supplemented by ℓ 0 regularization (Seneviratne & Solo, 2012;Yuan et al, 2011), ℓ 1 regularization (Friedman et al, 2010), and compressed sensing (Sanandaji et al, 2012). In these papers it is assumed that each node in the network is driven by an unknown, independent stochastic process, each variable is measured without sensor noise, and every variable in the network is measured.…”