Torrefied biomass‐polypropylene composites

Chiou, Bor‐Sen; Valenzuela-Medina, Diana; Wechsler, Mark; Bilbao‐Sainz, Cristina; Klamczynski, Artur; Williams, Tina; Wood, Delilah F.; Glenn, Greg; Orts, William J.

doi:10.1002/app.41582

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Consuming comparatively lower amounts of energy but more importantly producing high yields of solid products, 11 torrefaction has been identified as an effective treatment for preparing bio‐based fillers for high temperature processing conditions 12–14 . The process consists of treating raw biomass at temperatures between 200 and 300°C in the absence of oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefied agro‐industrial residue as filler in natural rubber compounds

Torres

McCaffrey

Washington

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study explored the feasibility of using torrefied biomass as a reinforcing filler in natural rubber compounds. Carbon black was then replaced with the torrefied biomass in elastomer formulations for concentrations varying from 0% to 100% (60 parts per hundred rubber or phr total). Their influence on the curing process, dynamic properties, and mechanical properties was investigated. Results were compared with the properties of vulcanizates containing solely carbon black fillers. Time to cure (t90) for compounds with torrefied biomass fillers increased, while filler‐filler interactions (ΔG') decreased, compared to carbon black controls. At low strains, the tan δ values of the torrefied fillers vulcanizates were similar to the controls. Incorporation of torrefied biomass into natural rubber decreased compound tensile strength and modulus but increased elongation. Replacement with torrefied fillers resulted in a weaker filler network in the matrix. Still, results showed that moderate substitution concentrations (~20 phr) could be feasible for some natural rubber applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefied agro‐industrial residue as filler in natural rubber compounds

Torres

McCaffrey

Washington

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…T m values remained almost constant for all samples except for composites containing 25% and 40% of TW-300 • C (MH and MI), where a slight decrease was observed (Table 6). Chiou et al [41] obtained similar results, incorporating variable loadings (5, 12.5, and 20 wt%) of almond shell torrefied at 280 • C and 300 • C and wood chips torrefied at 280 • C in a PP matrix. They reported that melting temperature values for all the specimens ranged between 166 • C and 167 • C, comparable to the neat PP (167 • C).…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 69%

Utilization of Torrefied and Non-Torrefied Short Rotation Willow in Wood–Plastic Composites

Pečnik,

Zouari,

Schwarzkopf

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The torrefaction process is widely used in the energy field, but the characteristics of the torrefied wood also have positive effects on the production of wood plastic composites. In this study, short-rotation shrub willow was torrefied at 225 and 300 °C and incorporated into polypropylene composites filled with changing levels of weight percent (wt%) of non-torrefied and torrefied (5, 15, 25, and 40 wt%) wood. Nine different formulations were extruded for mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties. The tensile properties of composites were not affected by any level of torrefaction, while higher flexure properties were in favor of lower wt% of torrefied wood. The slowest rate of thermal degradation was confirmed for the highest wt% of torrefied wood with a torrefaction temperature of 300 °C. In contrast, the presence of torrefied wood in composites did not show a difference in crystallization or melting temperatures. The most noticeable contribution of torrefaction temperature and wt% was found for water-absorbing properties, where the higher torrefaction temperature and largest wt% of torrefied wood in the composite resulted in decreased water uptake.

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“…Almond shell (AS) has been used directly as a low-cost absorbent for removing cationic dye (Hashemian, 2014), cations/anions (Estevinho et al, 2006;Hashemian, 2014;Maaloul et al, 2017a;Rashid et al, 2022), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) pollutant (Estevinho et al, 2006), or treated with NaOH for removing lead and cadmium ions (Mehrasbi et al, 2009). AS particles have also been studied as fillers to improve the flexural strength and Young's modulus of polypropylene (Chiou et al, 2015;El Mechtali et al, 2015) and polymethyl methacrylate (Sabbatini et al, 2017) composites, where the reinforcement were further enhanced by reduced granule size (Sabbatini et al, 2017), torrefaction (Chiou et al, 2016(Chiou et al, , 2015, and NaOH treatment (El Mechtali et al, 2015). Recently, AS was applied as a catalyst to mediate a three-component tandem reaction to produce antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer drugs (Kamali-Gharamaleki et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%