Tourist stereotype content: Dimensions and accessibility

Animosity and Tourism: Resident Perspectives

“…In relation to the second category of studies, recently a line of research examining residents’ tourist stereotyping emerged in an attempt to unpack the attitudes and behaviors of residents against specific groups of tourists further (e.g., Chen & Hsu, 2021; Tse & Tung, 2022; Tung et al, 2020). These studies inform us that residents’ stereotypes of tourists may be positive or negative, active or passive resulting in facilitation or harm toward tourists (Tse & Tung, 2022) with residents’ tourist stereotyping being able to change over time through the use of communicative messages that may reduce bias against tourists (Tung, 2021).…”

Đề xuất mô hình nghiên cứu về linh vật điểm đến du lịch

“…Thứ ba, nghiên cứu này đã mở rộng ứng dụng của lý thuyết khuôn mẫu: hai chiều nhận thức xã hội phổ quát, năng lực và sự nồng ấm, tồn tại đồng thời (Fiske & ctg., 2007), cả hai đều đóng góp để dự đoán kết quả của sự ủng hộ của người dân địa phương đối với các linh vật du lịch. Hơn nữa, nghiên cứu xem xét các khuôn mẫu từ góc độ ngoài nhóm (Chen & Hsu, 2021;Shen & ctg., 2019). Nghiên cứu này so sánh ngoài nhóm và quan điểm trong nhóm bằng cách xem xét nhận thức và thái độ của khách du lịch tiềm năng và người dân địa phương.…”

Understanding Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourists Through Implicit Stereotypes

“…Implicit stereotypes are necessary in tourism research as biases against tourists may be activated subconsciously without the presence of intentions and awareness (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). While existing studies have typically focused on explicit stereotypes through in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires, for example, the sole reliance on an explicit approach could lead to social desirability bias (e.g., Chen & Hsu, 2021;Hsu & Chen, 2019;Maruyama & Woosnam, 2015). The use of implicit stereotypes could reduce such biases and reveal subconscious associative networks of stereotype attributes that influence the formation of residents' attitudes.…”

“…In tourism, the frequent interactions between residents and tourists have resulted in stereotypes against tourists by residents (McNaughton, 2006). For instance, Israeli residents' stereotypes against Jordanians (Pizam, Fleischer, & Mansfeld, 2002), Japanese residents against Brazilians (Maruyama & Woosnam, 2015), Hong Kong residents against the mainland Chinese tourists (Chen & Hsu, 2021;Hsu & Chen, 2019;Tung et al, 2020). Although these studies revealed dimensions of negative and positive stereotypical attributes against tourists, they nevertheless employed only explicit measures.…”

“…Given the distinct characteristics of residents and tourists from different societies, previous research have identified unique stereotypes against tourists, such as views of rudeness and boastfulness due to tourists' heavy materialistic spending. This has been noted across many destinations worldwide including Hong Kong (Chen &Hsu, 2021), Singapore (Tse & Tung, 2022b), Tokyo (Hung et al, 2018), and Paris (Hung, Ren, & Qiu, 2021). As a result, negative stereotypes against tourists are prevalent, and residents have become highly unfriendly, with many even mocking and threatening tourists, thereby damaging host-guest relations and destination image (Fong, Zhang, & Wang, 2022).…”