Toward Immersive Self-Driving Simulations: Reports from a User Study across Six Platforms

Yeo, Dohyeon; Kim, Gwangbin; Kim, Seungjun

doi:10.1145/3313831.3376787

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…While most VR driving simulators are placed in indoor lab environments, for example, Ghiurãu et al (2020) investigate see-through AR concepts in real vehicle while the driver is wearing a VR HMD. A recent comparative study between six different autonomous driving simulation platforms with varying levels of visual and motion fidelity conducted by Yeo et al (2020) shows that MR and VR HMDs surpass simple monitor setups for driving simulators, even more so, when applied in a real vehicle.…”

Section: Virtual Reality Driving Simulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020

2021

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While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum.

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Section: Virtual Reality Driving Simulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020

2021

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“…Due to how the overlay works, virtual objects cannot completely occlude the real environment as they will always be transparent. [48], [49], [75], [76], [78] Custom User Preference 10 (11.1%) [36], [60], [67]- [69], [73], [86], [95], [97], [105] Presence Questionnaire (PQ) [57] Presence 7 [59], [60], [66], [74], [84], [ [43], [43], [56], [72], [96], [108], [113], [118], [119] Custom User Performance 7 (100%) [106], [112], [120]- [124] Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) [125] Physiologic Responses 8 [56], [61], [66], [106], [110], [112], [126] Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire [127] Physiologic Responses 1 [109]…”

Section: B Immersive Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stimuli such as Wind and Thermal were only found in 2 and 1 studies, respectively. Nevertheless, active haptics setups might be highly complex as they ranged from small vibrotactile actuators [132] to torque-controlled robot arms [75], motion platform simulating the motion of vehicles [66], to prototypes synthesising texture haptic feeling [133] and mid-air haptic devices [38].…”

Section: Stimuli Consideredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review on Realism Research Methodologies on Immersive Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Realities

et al. 2021

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“…To address these issues, numerous methods have been devised, such as having participants read narratives (Bennett et al, 2020;Janbocke et al, 2020), watch videos (Woods et al, 2006), use video games to simulate AV performance (Kohn et al, 2018), simulate car rides in virtual reality (Morra et al, 2019) or using much more realistic driving simulators (Yeo et al, 2020). VR simulations are a feasible cost-effective alternative to an expensive driving simulator and can be partnered with accessories to simulate a drive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies suggest that a low fidelity AV simulator may be feasible with consumer level VR technology. VR simulation studies tend to consist of a realistic video or scenario shown to the participant, partnered with a measurement of some type, like a survey, such as Yeo et al (2020), Morra et al (2019), andLocken et al (2019) to name a few. VR is versatile and can explore various aspects of human-automation interaction, more so than in a fixed-base driving simulator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Presentation Mediums for the Study of Trust in Autonomous Vehicles

Chiluiza

Robertson

Kortum

2021

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The purpose of this study is to compare presentation methods for use in the validation of the Trust in Selfdriving Vehicle Scale (TSDV), a questionnaire designed to assess user trust in self-driving cars. Previous studies have validated trust instruments using traditional videos wherein participants watch a scenario involving an automated system but there are strong concerns about external validity with this approach. We examined four presentation conditions: a flat screen monitor with a traditional video, a flat screen with a 2D 180 video, an Oculus Go VR headset with a 2D 180 video, and an Oculus Go with a 3D VR video. Participants watched eight video scenarios of a self-driving vehicle attempting a right-hand tum at a stop sign and rated their trust in the vehicle shown in the video after each scenario using the TSDV and rated telepresence for the viewing condition. We found a significant interaction between the mean TSDV scores for pedestrian collision and presentation condition. The TSDV mean in the Headset 2D 180 condition was significantly higher than the other three conditions. Additionally, when used to view the scenarios as 3D VR videos, the headset received significantly higher ratings of spatial presence compared to the condition using a flatscreen a 2D video; none of the remaining comparisons were statistically significant. Based on the results it is not recommended that the headset be used for short scenarios because the benefits do not outweigh the costs.

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Toward Immersive Self-Driving Simulations: Reports from a User Study across Six Platforms

Cited by 34 publications

References 42 publications

A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020

A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020

Systematic Review on Realism Research Methodologies on Immersive Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Realities

A Comparison of Presentation Mediums for the Study of Trust in Autonomous Vehicles

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