Towards a solid state reference electrode

Eine, Kristin; Kjelstrup, Signe; Nagy, K.; Syverud, Kristin

doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(97)00146-9

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Particular attention has been given to solid-state reference electrodes in favour of eliminating the liquid junction and associated potential present in reference electrodes employing the filling solution. Details of such electrode operation and associated chemistry have been documented [ 47 ]. Typically, the filling solution is replaced with a solid-state exchange membrane doped with the ions required for the electrode equilibirium.…”

Section: Miniaturization and Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabricated Reference Electrodes and their Biosensing Applications

Shinwari

Zhitomirsky

Deen

et al. 2010

Sensors

277

217

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Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturization of both biological and chemical sensors and their integration with miniaturized sample pre-processing and analysis systems. These miniaturized lab-on-chip devices have several functional advantages including low cost, their ability to analyze smaller samples, faster analysis time, suitability for automation, and increased reliability and repeatability. Electrical based sensing methods that transduce biological or chemical signals into the electrical domain are a dominant part of the lab-on-chip devices. A vital part of any electrochemical sensing system is the reference electrode, which is a probe that is capable of measuring the potential on the solution side of an electrochemical interface. Research on miniaturization of this crucial component and analysis of the parameters that affect its performance, stability and lifetime, is sparse. In this paper, we present the basic electrochemistry and thermodynamics of these reference electrodes and illustrate the uses of reference electrodes in electrochemical and biological measurements. Different electrochemical systems that are used as reference electrodes will be presented, and an overview of some contemporary advances in electrode miniaturization and their performance will be provided.

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Section: Miniaturization and Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabricated Reference Electrodes and their Biosensing Applications

Shinwari

Zhitomirsky

Deen

et al. 2010

Sensors

277

217

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are many standard types of REs which most commonly include some 'wet chemistry' in the form of an electrolyte solution that is required for their operation. Implementing such electrolyte regions within new sensor designs as an in-line manufacturing step has been proven to be a stumbling block for more than a decade [15], [37]- [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of screen-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes potentially suitable for environmental potentiometric sensors

Sophocleous

Atkinson

2017

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

142

106

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The screen-printed (SP), reference electrode (RE) has been shown to be a crucial element of potentiometric sensors but it is also the stumbling block for reliable and accurate SP sensors. The easiest, most common and most environmentally friendly, type of RE is the Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) RE. Unfortunately, until now the only reliable RE of this kind is the conventional, liquid or gel-filled type. However, for most environmental and soil applications the use of the conventional RE is not an option, which raises the demand for a robust, rugged and low-cost version to replace the conventional RE. This paper presents a review of the various attempts to produce reliable, SP, Ag/AgCl REs, and explain why almost all of them never reach the commercialisation stage. The paper provides an overview of the main challenges that need to be overcome, details of the electrode's construction, an analytical comparison of their performance in terms of chloride susceptibility, cross-sensitivity and lifetime, and their suitability in different applications depending on their performance characteristics. (Sophocleous M.) Conventional Ag/AgCl reference electrode Construction of the conventional Ag/AgCl reference electrodeThe most common type of silver-silver halide electrode is the Ag/AgCl due to the availability of silver chloride and the use of potassium chloride as the electrolyte. The electrode is constructed using a silver wire, electroplated with silver chloride and then immersed into a 3.5 M or saturated potassium chloride (KCl) solution. The electrolyte is generally contained in a glass tube having a porous glass frit at the tip to allow ion exchange at the liquid-liquid junction. The conventional silver/silver chloride reference electrode has a relatively simple construction. A typical construction of such an electrode is shown in Figure 1.

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“…Thus, the strong ion pairing of the carboxylate groups with Me 4 N , i.e., the association of the oppositely charged low mobility ions provides additional means for keeping the electrode potential constant. [37,38] The pH-sensitivity of an MRE was evaluated by its immersion in a set of pH buffers, from pH 1 to 13, for each pH unit, while the DJRE was maintained at the constant value of pH 7.0. In the range from pH 2.0 to 13.0 MREs based on Ag/AgSCN typically shifted by only 0.240 mV/ pH units, Ag/AgCl by 0.220 mV/pH, while MREs based on Ag/Ag 3 PO 4 have proven the least sensitive to pH, shifting by only 0.082 mV/pH.…”

Section: Electrochemical Testing Of Mresmentioning

confidence: 99%