Towards Circular Economy through Waste to Biomass Energy in Madagascar

Abstract

Biomass energy, contributing to about 80% of the total energy supply, is considered an important energy source in Madagascar. Although around 80% of energy use comes from biomass energy, the current application method of biomass in Madagascar is still in the earliest stage, which is not safe and sustainable. This is because the main form of biomass energy used in Madagascar is still solid charcoal and wood, and the technology is limited. Thus, it is necessary to search for better ways to utilize biomass energy in Madagascar because of high prices of traditional energy carriers and massive environmental pollution. This paper reviews the following: (1) a variety of available biomass wastes for energy in Madagascar including farming residuals, animal wastes, and forest wastes, as well as urban and industrial organic wastes; (2) advanced technologies, such as gasification, torrefaction, and fermentation, that can convert these wastes to biomass energy in forms with higher energy efficiency such as biogas, biocoal briquette, and ethanol fuel, which can not only help to achieve resource utilization of wastes and circular economy but also ease the energy crisis faced by Madagascar; and (3) Madagascar focused on the development of biomass energy with strategic policies and programs. International assistance also contributes to future promotion of biomass energy. It identifies several areas where research is urgently required to adopt instrumental policies to ensure that both rural development objectives and renewable energy targets are met with financial support from the government and international assistance.

Exploring the Perceived Prospects of the Belt & Road Initiative on Policy Impacts for Madagascar

“…The following are some China-Madagascar pragmatic partnerships which may or may not have relationships with the BRI concept of sustainable development to provide support to the renewable energy industry in Madagascar. Some Chinese companies were involved in the building of a waste biogas project (with a capacity of 0.35 m 3 /kg VS/d) in Tananarive -in addition to funding support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [Qin et al, 2021]. China's investment stock in Madagascar (majorly in the renewable energy industry) reached $766 million, and the direct investment reached $71.20 million in 2017 [Qin, 2021].…”

“…Some Chinese companies were involved in the building of a waste biogas project (with a capacity of 0.35 m 3 /kg VS/d) in Tananarive -in addition to funding support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [Qin et al, 2021]. China's investment stock in Madagascar (majorly in the renewable energy industry) reached $766 million, and the direct investment reached $71.20 million in 2017 [Qin, 2021]. The Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB) and China's EximBank are major financiers of the BRI and remain important partners in African infrastructure development projects [Chen, 2021].…”

“…In Madagascar, staple crops like cassava and sugarcane and their residues are valuable sources of raw materials for fuel production. Therefore, these residues can provide rich raw materials for ethanol fuel production [Qin, 2021].…”

New Trends in Consumption in Poland as Shown by the Example of a Freeshop Concept

“…− micro (e.g., creating eco-products, minimizing waste, introducing the system of environmental management) [14]; − mezzo (e.g., creating industrial eco-parks) [15]; and − macro (e.g., creating eco-cities and eco-regions) [16][17][18].…”

Scenario-Based Comprehensive Assessment for Community Resilience Adapted to Fire Following an Earthquake, Implementing the Analytic Network Process and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enriched Evaluation II Techniques

“…Hence, exploring the performance of the communities, which are the essential unit of the cities, after disasters and measuring Buildings 2021, 11, 523 2 of 24 the capability of the communities when adapting to the disasters is vitally significant and imperative [16][17][18]. Achieving resilient cities and communities will benefit the sustainable development of the cities in the aspects of society, economy, and environment [19,20].…”