Toxicity of the insecticide chlorpyrifos to the South American toad Rhinella arenarum at larval developmental stage

Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels

“…This is in line with the protective role classically attributed to CabEs on AChE activity, having more affinity for organophosphate binding and acting as a suicide molecule that avoids cholinesterase inactivation (Jokanović 2001;Ferrari et al 2011). Although we did not find oxidative stress induction as reported by other authors (Liendro et al 2015;Sotomayor et al 2015), we report an increase in GST activity as a detoxifying enzyme (Venturino et al 2001). In turn, GST induction might be associated with an antioxidant response that could prevent oxidative stress signs (Sotomayor et al 2015).…”

“…This association shows that chlorpyrifos disrupts key mechanisms in B. pulchella tadpoles, consequently challenging survival and playing an important role in population dynamics. In this regard, esterase inhibition has been reported to affect relevant behavior of different aquatic organisms not only in amphibians (Liendro et al 2015) but also in fishes (Ferrari et al 2009). Although it is difficult to establish connections between different levels of biological organization, we integrated the use of biomarkers at the biochemical and individual levels.…”

“…When considering available data for chlorpyrifos, effects on anurans from different parts of the world have been evaluated at different levels, including the individual level (responses in terms of survival, development, growth, and morphology; Abbasi and Soni 1991;Cowman and Mazanti 2000;Kerby 2006;Bernabò et al 2011), the biochemical level (Richards and Kendall 2002;El-Merhibi et al 2004), and the genotoxic level (Yin et al 2009). Only few studies have evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos on native anuran species from Argentina, at both the individual (Ruiz de Arcaute et al 2012;Salgado Costa et al 2018) and the biochemical (Sotomayor et al 2012(Sotomayor et al , 2015Attademo et al 2015;Liendro et al 2015) levels. Those sublethal effects on local species have been mostly reported at environmentally relevant concentrations.…”

“…However, their lower specificity and sensitivity compared with other biochemical targets such as enzymatic activities, other proteins, or metabolites serving as molecular targets or detoxifying pathways have led to a more generalized use. Therefore, the use of a battery of biomarkers covering different targets or pathways and different levels of biological organization has gained consensus (Venturino et al 2003; Ferrari et al 2011; Sotomayor et al 2012, 2015; Liendro et al 2015; Pérez‐Iglesias et al 2015; Natale et al 2018). However, in most studies the classical biomarker response is not tightly and consistently linked to responses at higher levels.…”

Comparative study of toxicity and biochemical responses induced by sublethal levels of the pesticide azinphosmethyl in two fish species from North-Patagonia, Argentina

“…The LC50 was directly estimated from the fitted equation as one of the model parameters. To estimate the AZM concentrations causing minimal or no lethal effects, the LOEC and NOEC for lethality as endpoint were assessed by a probabilistic approach, calculating the LC10 and LC1 respectively as endpoints from the fitted equation (Crane and Newman, 2000;Liendro et al, 2015).…”