Toxinotyping and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium perfringens isolated from different sources of livestock and poultry

Anju, K; Karthik, Kumaragurubaran; Divya, V.; M, Priyadharshini; Sharma, Rajeev; Manoharan, S.

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102298

Cited by 31 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Our study finding is consistent with a related study that confirmed a prevalence of C. perfringens as 10.76% in poultry and livestock samples in Tamil Nadu, India (Anju et al, 2021). Numerous research confirmed the higher prevalence of 33.89% in poultry feed samples in Tamil Nadu, India (Udhayavel et al, 2017), 33.63% and 18.91% in broilers and layers poultry, respectively in Kashmir, India (Dar et al, 2017), and 53% in dead broilers in West Bengal, India (Sarkar et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in layer flocks of selected districts in Bangladesh: molecular typing, antimicrobial susceptibility

Arif

Sultana

Islam

et al. 2022

Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol.

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Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the important enteric diseases in poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens which leads to considerable economic losses for poultry raisers. The present research was carried out to estimate prevalence, risk factors and to confirm molecular pattern, antimicrobial susceptibility status of Clostridium perfringens in layer flocks in Mymensingh and Gazipur districts of Bangladesh, where a total of 287 samples were collected that comprised of water (30), workers’ hand washing (30), and feed (30) as environmental pooled samples; cloacal swab (150) and post mortem sample (intestine) (47) as individual samples, and evaluated by basic (culture, biochemical test), and finally toxinotyping multiplex PCR assays. The flock-level data on potential risk factors were collected through semi-structured interviews with the farm owners and evaluated via univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses where a p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Overall flock-level prevalence of Clostridium perfringens was confirmed to be 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-9.7%). The occurrence of C. perfringens was found to be higher in the intestine samples (12.8%, 95% CI: 4.8- 25.7%) followed by feed (6.7%, 95% CI: 0.8-22.1%), cloacal swabs (6.0%, 95% CI: 2.8-11.1%) and workers’ hand washing (3.3%, 95% CI: 0.1- 12.2%). History of immune-suppressive disease (like New castle disease/egg drop syndrome/infectious bursal disease) [Odds Ratio (OR) = 22.16, 95% CI: 1.40-349.36, P = 0.027] and flock size more than 3000 birds (OR = 11.16, 95% CI: 1.26-98.25, P = 0.029) were found to be associated with C. perfringens infection status in the layer flocks. In this study, C. perfringens toxinotype A is circulating in layer flocks with 72.2% of isolates were established as multidrug-resistant as they demonstrated resistance between 3 to 6 antimicrobial agents. Evidence-based control measures to be taken namely use of probiotics, prebiotic, organic acids, and plant extracts as natural alternatives including control of immune-suppressive diseases are needed to minimize the NE infection and antimicrobial resistance in low biosecurity layer flocks. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2022, 7(2), 36-49

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in layer flocks of selected districts in Bangladesh: molecular typing, antimicrobial susceptibility

Arif

Sultana

Islam

et al. 2022

Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol.

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“…This finding of this study is consistent with the similar study conducted in Tamil Nadu, India, as 10.76% prevalence of C. perfringens was confirmed in livestock and poultry specimens [ 36 ]. Other studies conducted in India captured higher prevalence as 33.89% in poultry feed samples in Tamil Nadu, South India [ 37 ], 33.63% and 18.91% in broiler of 2-6 weeks age and older layer, respectively, in Kashmir, India [ 38 ], and 53% dead broilers in West Bengal, India [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Investigation of Clostridium perfringens in small-scale commercial broiler flocks in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most prevalent diseases in broiler poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens connected with significant economic losses. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh to assess the prevalence of C. perfringens through toxinotyping molecular assay and confirm the risk factors for NE, including antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) status of the isolates. Materials and Methods: We included 40 small-scale commercial broiler farms randomly selected from two subdistricts of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. As an individual sample, 240 cloacal swabs, and as a pooled sample, 40 drinking water, 40 workers' hand washing, 40 litter swab, and 40 feed samples were collected and evaluated by culture, biochemical, and molecular assays. A pretested semi-structured interview questionnaire was employed to capture flock-level data on risk factors from the farm owners. The flock-level data on risk factors were assessed through univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses with p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall flock-level prevalence of C. perfringens was estimated to be 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.5- 13.6%). Litter swab (pooled) was found to be highly contaminated with C. perfringens (25.0%, 95% CI: 12.7-41.2%) followed by the cloacal swab (10.4%, 95% CI: 6.9-15.0%) and feed sample (5.0%, 95% CI: 0.6-16.9%). History of coccidia infection (Adjusted odds ratio =33.01, 95% CI: 2.14-507.59, p=0.01) was significantly associated with flock-level C. perfringens infection status. In this study, 78.1% isolates were found as multidrug-resistant as they demonstrated resistance to 3-5 antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Evidence-based control options need to be taken through the uses of prebiotics and probiotics, biosecurity, and hygienic measurement, including control of coccidia infection, is needed to lessen the NE infection and AMR related to this pathogen in small-scale commercial broiler poultry.

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“…Additionally, most of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant. Genetic profiling of the isolates revealed the prevalence of the tetracycline resistance gene in 41.33% of the isolates, followed by 34.66% for erythromycin and 17.33% for bacitracin resistance genes [ 167 ]. These studies emphasize the necessity for reducing the incidence of foodborne pathogens and finding efficient alternatives to antibiotics.…”

Section: Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention

et al. 2022

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Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE changes in the physical properties of the gut, the immunological status of birds, and the disruption of the gut microbial homeostasis, causing an over-proliferation of C. perfringens. The principal virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NE are the α-toxin, β-toxin, and NetB toxin. The immune response to NE in poultry is mediated by the Th1 pathway or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. C. perfringens type A and C are also pathogenic in humans, and hence are of public health significance. C. perfringens intoxications are the third most common bacterial foodborne disease after Salmonella and Campylobacter. The restrictions on the use of antibiotics led to an increased incidence of NE in poultry. Hence, it is essential to develop alternative strategies to keep the prevalence of NE under check. The control strategies rely principally on the positive modulation of host immune response, nutritional manipulation, and pathogen reduction. Current knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, immune response, effect on the gut microbial homeostasis, and preventative strategies of NE in this post-antibiotic era is addressed in this review.

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Toxinotyping and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium perfringens isolated from different sources of livestock and poultry

Cited by 31 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in layer flocks of selected districts in Bangladesh: molecular typing, antimicrobial susceptibility

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in layer flocks of selected districts in Bangladesh: molecular typing, antimicrobial susceptibility

Investigation of Clostridium perfringens in small-scale commercial broiler flocks in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh

Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention

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