Trace Analysis of Fifteen Androgens in Environmental Waters by LC-ESI-MS-MS Combined with Solid-Phase Disk Extraction Cleanup

Abstract

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method, combined with solid-phase disk extraction cleanup, was developed and applied to the analysis of fifteen androgens in waste water. Compounds included androstenedione, androstanolone, boldenone, clostebol, danazol, 6-dehydronandrolone acetate, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone, nandrolone propionate, testosterone, testosterone acetate, testosterone propionate, trenbolone and trenbolone acetate, respectively. The overall method recoveries ranged from 78.0 to 107.7% and the limits of detection for the fifteen analytes determined in influent samples were between 0.5 and 4 ng L -1. The analysis of residual androgens was carried out in waste water obtained from the Beijing area and five analytes (androstenedione, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone and nandrolone) could be detected in levels

Analysis of Androgenic Steroids in Environmental Waters by Large-Volume Injection Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…36, 37 To the best of our knowledge, only one other study documents the detection of Nand in wastewater (a single sample) at 1.7 ng/L, near their reported LOD for Nand (1.6 ng/L). 25 …”

“…22-25, 29, 30 However, sample pre-treatment by SPE requires the use of large quantities of solvents, materials, and is laborious and expensive. In contrast, direct LVI of analytes in aquatic environmental and wastewater matrices reduces the amount of labor, solvents, and materials required because the only sample pre-treatment step is centrifugation 31-33 or filtration.…”

Effect of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on oxidation stress in the liver of juvenile GIFT tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

“…GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (“GIFT tilapia” for short), a tropical species, are suitable for culture in warm waters, and very sensitive to aquatic environmental factors (Ma et al 2015 ; Gabriel et al 2015 ). The normal dose (MT) used in fish farming was 60 mg/L (Rivero-Wendt et al 2013 ), and now the residual MT could be detected in waste water obtained from the Beijing area of China (4.1–7.0 ng/L; Sun et al 2010 ). A decrease in egg laying rate of female Japanese quails ( Coturnix cotumix japonica ) and the fertility of male Japanese quails when exposed to 50–110 mg/L of MT for 3 weeks (Homklin et al 2012 ).…”

Environmental (anti-)androgenic chemicals affect germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of Xenopus laevis oocytes in vitro

“…Nandrolone is also used medically as a treatment for anemia and other diseases (Cederholm and Hedström, 2005;Deicher and Hörl, 2005). Several studies reported the presence of nandrolone in wastewater, and even the level exceeded 60 ng/L (Backe et al, 2011;Sun et al, 2010). Recently, two studies described effects of trenbolone on the growth, survival, and sexual differentiation of X. laevis (Olmstead et al, 2012;Finch et al, 2013).…”