Tracing of Salmonella Contaminations Throughout an Integrated Broiler Production Chain in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt

Abstract

The data available regarding the production chain particularly in poultry flocks in Egypt are yet to be fully elucidated. The study aimed at providing an insight into the cross-contamination with Salmonella spp. at three different stages of an integrated broiler production chain. From 440 collected samples, 152 (34.5%) were positive for Salmonella spp. corresponded to samples collected from broiler farms (n=90, 40.9%), slaughter houses contact surfaces (n=12, 24%) and chicken carcass (n=50, 29.4%) in an integrated broiler supply chain. Isolation and identification of salmonella spp. were followed the standard procedures. Genomic bacterial DNA was extracted and confirmed using specific oligonucleotide primers sequences. Salmonella strains were classified into 11 serotypes. Nine different serotypes were found to contaminate thebroiler houses and flocks with the most prevalent serotypes S. Enteritidis (38.8%), S. Kentucky (23.3%) and S. Typhimurium (11.11%). The overall frequency of Salmonella contamination in the live broiler flocks was 40.9% with prevalence of 37.9, 60, 40, 53.3, 60 and 20% from cloacae swabs, litter, feed, water, farms walls and in the hand swabs from workers, respectively. The PCR products of four isolates, (two isolates per S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) were identified by DNA sequencing to determine the potential genetic relationships in these isolates. The findings of the present study suggested that different Salmonella serotypes can persist along the production chain and that contamination could be linked to the contamination of the final product with a potential health hazard to consumers.

Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt

“…The predominant Salmonella serovars identified in the present study were S. Enteritidis (n=7), S. Kentucky (n=7), and S. Typhimurium (n=6). Similar findings were previously reported in Egypt [22,27]. In the latter study, 77.4% (24/31) of the Salmonella isolates belonged to serogroups C and B, aligning with results previously reported by Abdel-Maksoud et al [28].…”

“…Similar results were previously reported from Central Ethiopia [20]. The frequency of S. Typhimurium in poultry meat has been reported previously in Egypt from Assiut city markets [21] and from Mansoura city [22]. In the former study, the authors have isolated Salmonella from 44% of the examined raw chicken meat; while in the latter study, the authors have isolated different Salmonella serotypes (including S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Molade, and S. Bargny) from processed chicken in a percent of 25.6% (30/120).…”

Microbial Contamination of Bedding Material: One Health in Poultry Production

“…The selected studies and their main characteristics are described in Table 2 . Of the reviewed studies ( n = 19), seven were conducted in the The United States of America [ 11 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], four in Europe (one in Portugal [ 10 ], one in France [ 2 ], one in Lithuania [ 36 ], and one in Bulgaria [ 3 ]), six in Africa (one in Argelia [ 37 ], one in Kuwait [ 22 ], two in Egypt [ 23 , 38 ], and two in Cameroon [ 4 , 21 ]), one in Asia (Korea [ 39 ]), and one in the Middle East (Iran [ 6 ]). Most of the studies were conducted in poultry farms (10 out of 19–53%) [ 10 , 11 , 21 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], four (21%) in big poultry farms [ 3 , 4 , 22 , 30 ], four (21%) in small poultry farms [ 2 , 5 , 32 , 34 ], and one in a big duck farm [ 39 ].…”

“…The sampling method used in all studies (100%) was animals’ bedding collection [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 21 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Eight out of nineteen studies (42%) specified the type of bedding material, from which four used pine shavings [ 10 , 30 , 35 , 38 ], two used straw [ 2 , 10 ], three used wood shavings [ 4 , 6 , 10 ], three used rice hulls [ 10 , 35 , 37 ], one used cow dungs, shredded paper barley stalks and a mixture of these materials with wood shavings and rice hulls [ 6 ].…”

“…The importance of food safety for public health has already been mentioned, and research efforts have been focused on animal health or production practices [ 20 ]. Recently, the literature has focused on bacteria contamination in livestock production [ 11 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. However, less is known regarding the microbiological safety patterns and antimicrobial resistance from fungal contamination [ 10 ], although Aspergillus -resistant isolates were already isolated from different environmental matrices [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”