Training intensity distribution analysis by race pace vs. physiological approach in world‐class middle‐ and long‐distance runners

Kenneally, Mark; Casado, Arturo; Gomez-Ezeiza, Josu; Santos-Concejero, Jordan

doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1773934

Cited by 31 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Modern endurance training practice among elite performers in numerous sports [110][111][112][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132] is dominated by frequent sessions and high total volumes of low intensity training combined with smaller volumes of high intensity training organized as 2-4 "key workouts" in most training weeks. This training organization also holds true for well-trained and worldleading middle-distance runners [10,16,17,133], although 800-m runners apply a greater proportion of training at higher intensities than 1500-m runners (see Sect. 6.3).…”

Section: Variation and Periodizationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Interestingly, the difference in running volume between 800-and 1500-m runners is larger than the difference between 1500and long-distance/marathon runners. World-leading 5-10 km athletes run 120-200 km•week −1 [10,[62][63][64], while topclass marathon runners cover 150-250 km•week −1 [62][63][64]. Based on these running volume distinctions, one could argue that 1500-m runners in general are more long-distance than middle-distance athletes, although high finishing speed is required in slow races [80].…”

Section: Training Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training [e.g., [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], it is reasonable to argue that the developments in these disciplines have not been driven by sport scientists [18]. Publicly available "recipe books" and training diaries based upon the practical experience and intuition of world-leading athletes and coaches have become important and popular sources of best practice training information and framework development for the international middle-distance community (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

et al. 2021

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Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.

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Section: Variation and Periodizationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Training Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

et al. 2021

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“…Hommel et al [39] showed that healthy male adults increased the power in MLSS after 1-h LIE at 1.5 to 2.5 mmol•L −1 La − , three days per week for 4 and 6 weeks. To improve endurance performance, the distribution of training intensity in world-class middle-and long-distance runners suggests over 87% of zone 1 (<2 mmol•L −1 ) per week from the general preparation phase [54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Individualized Low-Intensity Exercise and Its Duration on Recovery Ability in Adults

Lee

Son

et al. 2021

Healthcare

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Exercise is recommended to increase physical health and performance. However, it is unclear how low-intensity exercise (LIE) of different durations may affect or improve recovery ability. This study aimed to investigate how LIE-duration with the same volume affects recovery ability in adults. Twenty healthy male adults participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the 30-min (n = 10) or the 1-h LIE group (n = 10). The intervention included sixteen exercise sessions/four weeks with a 30-min LIE group, and eight exercise sessions/four weeks with a 1-h LIE group. Heart rate (HR) corresponding to <2 mmol∙L−1 blood lactate (La−) was controlled for LIE. Pre- and post-testing was conducted before and after 4-week LIE and tests included jogging/running speed (S), HR, and differences (delta; ∆) in HR and S between pre- and post-testing at 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mmol∙L−1 La−. Only the HR at 2.0 mmol∙L−1 La− of the 30-min LIE group was decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.043). The jogging/running speed of the 1-h LIE group was improved in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, p = 0.002, respectively). ∆HR at 2.0 and ∆S between the 30-min and 1-h LIE group at 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mmol∙L−1 La− were significantly different (p = 0.023, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.019, respectively). Furthermore, moderate to high positive correlations between ∆HR and ∆S of all subjects at 1.5 (r = 0.77), 2.0 (r = 0.77), and 4.0 (r = 0.64) mmol∙L−1 La− were observed. The 1-h LIE group showed improved endurance not only in the low-intensity exercise domain, but also in the beginning of the moderate to high-intensity exercise domain while the 30-min LIE group was not affected by the 4-week LIE intervention. Therefore, LIE (<2.0 mmol∙L−1) for at least 1-h, twice a week, for 4 weeks is suggested to improve recovery ability in adults.

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“…and a pyramidal structured TID (Z1: 79.6% ± 7.2%, Z2: 17.0% ± 6.3%, Z3: 3.4% ± 2.0%; Pol-Index: 1.2 a.u.) when the training zones where quantified on HR [7]. Kenneally et al recently created a novel way to determine endurance intensity zones in middle-and longdistance running based on the relative intensity of the athletes' competition performance (percentage of race pace) [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective Analysis of Training Intensity Distribution Based on Race Pace Versus Physiological Benchmarks in Highly Trained Sprint Kayakers

2022

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Background Research results on the training intensity distribution (TID) in endurance athletes are equivocal. This non-uniformity appears to be partially founded in the different quantification methods that are implemented. So far, TID research has solely focused on sports involving the lower-body muscles as prime movers (e.g. running). Sprint kayaking imposes high demands on the upper-body endurance capacity of the athlete. As there are structural and physiological differences between upper- and lower-body musculature, TID in kayaking should be different to lower-body dominant sports. Therefore, we aimed to compare the training intensity distribution during an 8-wk macrocycle in a group of highly trained sprint kayakers employing three different methods of training intensity quantification. Methods Heart rate (HR) and velocity during on-water training of nine highly trained German sprint kayakers were recorded during the final 8 weeks of a competition period leading to the national championships. The fractional analysis of TID was based on three zones (Z) derived from either HR (TIDBla-HR) or velocity (TIDBla-V) based on blood lactate (Bla) concentrations (Z1 ≤ 2.5 mmol L−1 Bla, Z2 = 2.5–4.0 mmol L−1 Bla, Z3 ≥ 4.0 mmol L−1 Bla) of an incremental test or the 1000-m race pace (TIDRace): Z1 ≤ 85% of race pace, Z2 = 86–95% and Z3 ≥ 95%. Results TIDBla-V (Z1: 68%, Z2: 14%, Z3: 18%) differed from TIDBla-HR (Z1: 91%, Z2: 6%, Z3: 3%) in each zone (all p < 0.01). TIDRace (Z1: 73%, Z2: 20%, Z3: 7%) differed to Z3 in TIDBla-V (p < 0.01) and all three TIDBla-HR zones (all p < 0.01). Individual analysis revealed ranges of Z1, Z2, Z3 fractions for TIDBla-HR of 85–98%, 2–11% and 0.1–6%. For TIDBla-V, the individual ranges were 41–82% (Z1), 6–30% (Z2) and 8–30% (Z3) and for TIDRace 64–81% (Z1), 14–29% (Z2) and 4–10% (Z3). Conclusion The results show that the method of training intensity quantification substantially affects the fraction of TID in well-trained sprint kayakers. TIDRace determination shows low interindividual variation compared to the physiologically based TIDBla-HR and TIDBla-V. Depending on the aim of the analysis TIDRace, TIDBla-HR and TIDBla-V have advantages as well as drawbacks and may be implemented in conjunction to maximize adaptation.

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Training intensity distribution analysis by race pace vs. physiological approach in world‐class middle‐ and long‐distance runners

Cited by 31 publications

References 26 publications

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

Effects of Individualized Low-Intensity Exercise and Its Duration on Recovery Ability in Adults

Retrospective Analysis of Training Intensity Distribution Based on Race Pace Versus Physiological Benchmarks in Highly Trained Sprint Kayakers

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