“…For dynamics, Wang et al designed a distributed fault-tolerant control method for an E-sail system to enhance the reliability of using this new technology, and they also developed a control strategy for E-sail-based formation flight [16]. In terms of attitude control, although there exists a variety of conventional attitude control methods such as reaction wheels, control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) and thrusters, these methods cannot effectively control the attitude of solar sails due to the mass limitation and the required long mission lifetime [1,3,11]. Currently, several methods for attitude control for solar sails exist [17], including the control vane method [18], gimbaled masses method [19,20], sliding masses method, shifted wings method, tilted wings method and billowed wings method for rigid solar sail and sail film with controllable reflectivity method for non-rigid solar sail [3,[21][22][23].…”