Transdermal delivery of levosimendan

Fully dilutable microemulsions embedded with phospholipids and stabilized by short-chain organic acids and polyols

“…Water-dilutable food-grade, U-type microemulsion systems were formed and, thereafter, PC as a "membrane recognition" compound [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] was incorporated into the microemulsion systems, retaining the ability to be fully diluted with water (Utype microemulsion systems).…”

“…Dilutable microemulsions stabilized by phosphatidylcholine (PC) alone will be highly regarded as potential delivery vehicles, since PC is a natural surfactant with a strong ability to adsorb on biomembranes and to enhance biomembrane permeability [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, as shown by several researchers [19][20][21], systems stabilized by PC alone can form only liposomes, reverse micelles or w/o microemulsions (solubilizing very small amounts of water), and mixed liquid-crystal structures.…”

“…PC can enhance transdermal drug permeability [12][13][14][15]. Moreover, several studies [16][17][18] show that the PC molecule and its diversities act to enhance transmembrane transport across the digestive tract, thus improving the bioavailability of the guest molecules.…”

Templated cocrystallization of cholesterol and phytosterols from microemulsions

“…To avoid phase separation along the 7:3 aqueous dilution line, only 9 wt% of the Tween 60 could be replaced by lecithin, a natural surfactant that strongly absorbs on biomembranes and enhances biomembrane permeability [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. PC-stabilized dilutable MEs, which can be regarded as potential delivery vehicles [55,56].…”

Effect of Penetration Enhancers on the Permeability of Ketoconazole Gels Through Rabbit Skin

“…Only a fraction of penetration enhancers have been tested clinically, and even fewer have been used in currently marketed transdermal formulations. 8 It has been reported that oleic acid (OA), [15][16][17] menthol (M) [18][19][20] and isopropyl myristate (IPM) 21&22 have been used as a penetration enhancers in the transdermal delivery of several drugs.…”