Transgenic Manipulation of Glutamine Synthetase: A Target with Untapped Potential in Various Aspects of Crop Improvement

James, Donald; Borphukan, Bhabesh; Fartyal, Dhirendra; Achary, V. Mohan Murali; Reddy, M. K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_14

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…In this study, a relatively small number of DEGs (0.5%) was detected for G9 cultivar between the two E2 rhizobial strains (LL2 vs. WLP2), but they contain more DEGs for leghemoglobin and glutamine synthetase when compared with G3 and Q cultivars: G3 (LL2 vs. CK) and Q (WLP2 vs. CK). Leghemoglobin and glutamine synthetase play key roles in modulating oxygen availability and nitrogen metabolism, respectively [42,43]. Significantly, all leghemoglobin genes detected in G9 were upregulated, but those detected in G3 were downregulated except Medsa009985.…”

Section: Biotype Identification On the Basis Of Symbiotic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Plant transcriptome analysis reveals specific molecular interactions between alfalfa and its rhizobial symbionts below the species level

et al. 2020

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Background: Leguminous plants alter patterns of gene expression in response to symbiotic colonization and infection by their cognate rhizobial bacteria, but the extent of the transcriptomic response has rarely been examined below the species level. Here we describe the identification of 12 rhizobial biotypes of Ensifer meliloti, which form nitrogen-fixing nodules in the roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), followed by a comparative RNA-seq analysis of four alfalfa cultivars each inoculated with two E. meliloti strains varying in symbiotic performance and phylogenetic relatedness. Results: Rhizobial biotypes were identified on the basis of their symbiotic performance, particularly shoot dry weight. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolic pathways were determined by comparing the RNA-seq data with that of the uninoculated control plant. Significant differences were found between DEGs generated in each cultivar with the inoculation of two rhizobial strains in comparison (P < 0.01). A total of 8111 genes was differentially expressed, representing~17.1% of the M. sativa genome. The proportion of DEGs ranges from 0.5 to 12.2% for each alfalfa cultivar. Interestingly, genes with predicted roles in flavonoid biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction (NBS-LRR) were identified as the most significant DEGs. Other DEGs include Medsa002106 and genes encoding nodulins and NCR peptides whose expression is specifically induced during the development of nitrogenfixing nodules. More importantly, strong significant positive correlations were observed between plant transcriptomes (DEGs and KEGG pathways) and phylogenetic distances between the two rhizobial inoculants. Conclusions: Alfalfa expresses significantly distinct sets of genes in response to infection by different rhizobial strains at the below-species levels (i.e. biotype or strain). Candidate genes underlying the specific interactions include Medsa002106 and those encoding nodulins and NCR peptides and proteins in the NBS-LRR family.

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Section: Biotype Identification On the Basis Of Symbiotic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Plant transcriptome analysis reveals specific molecular interactions between alfalfa and its rhizobial symbionts below the species level

et al. 2020

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“…The current results showed that GS activity was significantly higher in plants treated with PSI-362 coated fertilizer, enhancing the nitrate assimilation pathway under reduced N rate, which in turn was associated to a lower content of ammonium and an accumulation of glutamine, both substrate and end-product of this enzyme. While GS has been proposed as an interesting target for genetic modification for NUE, attempts to overexpress GS have yielded inconsistent results ( James et al, 2018 ). A recent cisgenic strategy to increase expression of native cytosolic GS1 in barley provided an enhanced enzymatic activity and did increase grain yield and NUE ( Gao et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breeding programs to obtain high grain yielding varieties growing under contrasting/reduced N regimes have focused on traits such as bigger root length or surface area, larger above-ground biomass, higher grain harvest index or enhanced photosynthetic capacity ( Anbessa and Juskiw, 2012 ; Prey et al, 2019 ; Vicente et al, 2019 ; Voss-Fels et al, 2019 ). Genetic modification techniques have produced new varieties of some crops able to increase biomass and seed yield under reduced N inputs through manipulation of genes for N uptake and transport ( Fang et al, 2013 ; Han et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020 ), N assimilation ( Perchlik and Tegeder, 2017 ; James et al, 2018 ; Gao et al, 2019 ) and N remobilization ( Chen et al, 2020 ). However, it is important to note that these new varieties have been mainly developed in pot or hydroponic systems and have not been validated in field conditions ( Masclaux-Daubresse et al, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Nitrogen Input in Barley Crops While Maintaining Yields Using an Engineered Biostimulant Derived From Ascophyllum nodosum to Enhance Nitrogen Use Efficiency

et al. 2021

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Intensive agricultural production utilizes large amounts of nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizers that are applied to the soil to secure high crop yields. Unfortunately, up to 65% of this N fertilizer is not taken up by crops and is lost to the environment. To compensate these issues, growers usually apply more fertilizer than crops actually need, contributing significantly to N pollution and to GHG emissions. In order to combat the need for such large N inputs, a better understanding of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and agronomic solutions that increase NUE within crops is required. The application of biostimulants derived from extracts of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has long been accepted by growers as a sustainable crop production input. However, little is known on how Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (ANEs) can influence mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation in crops to allow reduced N application. In this work, a significant increase in nitrate accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana 6 days after applying the novel proprietary biostimulant PSI-362 was observed. Follow-up studies in barley crops revealed that PSI-362 increases NUE by 29.85–60.26% under 75% N input in multi-year field trials. When PSI-362 was incorporated as a coating to the granular N fertilizer calcium ammonium nitrate and applied to barley crop, a coordinated stimulation of N uptake and assimilation markers was observed. A key indicator of biostimulant performance was increased nitrate content in barley shoot tissue 22 days after N fertilizer application (+17.9–72.2%), that was associated with gene upregulation of root nitrate transporters (NRT1.1, NRT2.1, and NRT1.5). Simultaneously, PSI-362 coated fertilizer enhanced nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, while higher content of free amino acids, soluble protein and photosynthetic pigments was measured. These biological changes at stem elongation stage were later translated into enhanced NUE traits in harvested grain. Overall, our results support the agronomic use of this engineered ANE that allowed a reduction in N fertilizer usage while maintaining or increasing crop yield. The data suggests that it can be part of the solution for the successful implementation of mitigation policies for water quality and GHG emissions from N fertilizer usage.

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“…The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted November 8, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.08.467771 doi: bioRxiv preprint phylum of the Archaea domain. Finally, the GSIII superfamily is characteristic of bacteria, including cyanobacteria (James et al 2018), and some eukaryotes, such as diatoms and other heterokonts, suggesting that GSIII is present in the nucleus of early eukaryotes (Robertson et al 2006). In a number of studies, the hypothesis that these three gene superfamilies appeared prior to the divergence of eukaryotes and prokaryotes has been proposed (Robertson et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A revised view on the evolution of glutamine synthetase isoenzymes in plants

Valderrama‐Martín

Ortigosa

Ávila

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme responsible for the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium into the amino acid glutamine. The genes encoding GS are among the oldest existing genes in living organisms. In plants, two groups of functional GS enzymes are found: eubacterial GSIIb (GLN2) and eukaryotic GSIIe (GLN1/GS). Phylogenetic analyses have shown that the GLN2 group originated from bacteria following horizontal gene transfer. Only GLN1/GS genes are found in vascular plants, which suggests that they are involved in the final adaptation of plants to terrestrial life. The present phylogenetic study reclassifies the different GS of seed plants into three clusters: GS1a, GS1b and GS2. The presence of genes encoding GS2 has been expanded to Cycadopsida gymnosperms, which suggests the origin of this gene in a common ancestor of Cycadopsida, Ginkgoopsida and angiosperms. GS1a genes have been identified in all gymnosperms, basal angiosperms and some Magnoliidae species. Previous studies in conifers and the gene expression profiles obtained in ginkgo and magnolia in the present work could explain the absence of GS1a in more recent angiosperm species (e.g., monocots and eudicots) due to the redundant roles of GS1a and GS2 in photosynthetic cells. Altogether, the results provide a better understanding of the evolution of plant GS isoenzymes and their physiological roles, which is valuable for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and productivity.

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Transgenic Manipulation of Glutamine Synthetase: A Target with Untapped Potential in Various Aspects of Crop Improvement

Cited by 21 publications

References 217 publications

Plant transcriptome analysis reveals specific molecular interactions between alfalfa and its rhizobial symbionts below the species level

Plant transcriptome analysis reveals specific molecular interactions between alfalfa and its rhizobial symbionts below the species level

Reducing Nitrogen Input in Barley Crops While Maintaining Yields Using an Engineered Biostimulant Derived From Ascophyllum nodosum to Enhance Nitrogen Use Efficiency

A revised view on the evolution of glutamine synthetase isoenzymes in plants

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