Translating National Policy Objectives into Local Achievements across Planes of Governance and among Multiple Actors: Second-Order Devolution and Welfare Reform Implementation

The Politics of Implementing Philippine Tourism Policy: A Policy Network and Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach

“…Since conservation and tourism entered the island, those that had superior skills, ties, and resources such as Silliman UniPolitics of Implementing Philippine Tourism Policy 927 versity and KKP had dominated. This confirms the influence of institutional qualities in the process (Bardach, 1977;Cho, Kelleher, Wright, & Yackee, 2005;Levin & Ferman, 1986). This is most visible in the case of the policy-broker, which in the case study was represented by the provincial council.…”

Devolution, Discretion, and the Effect of Local Political Values on TANF Sanctioning

“…Local environments may affect organizational operations through democratic pressures, policy makers may respond to local social conditions and needs, or officials may share the political values of the community at large. Consistent with this thinking, findings in several studies indicate that local public policy implementation is influenced by the local political environment (e.g., Goggin et al 1990;Weissert 1994;Cho et al 2005). This should be no less true of local implementation of TANF sanctions, especially in states that devolved significant authority to the local level.…”

“…Second, in a decentralized policy-making environment, the political orientations of local environments may generate differences among the key decision makers of local agencies; those individuals are responsible for interpreting state sanction policies and guiding the activities of local case managers (Cho et al 2005). County government officials in some states may have a significant effect on sanctions policy.…”

“…Estimating the relationship between ideology and sanctioning at the local level poses a difficult challenge due to the lack of a readily available measure of local ideology. In light of this, the most common strategy in measuring local ideology focuses on county partisanship as it is reflected in election returns (e.g., Keiser et al 2004;Cho et al 2005). However, it is well known that partisanship tends to be imperfectly related to political ideology (Miller 1999).…”

“…Under this system, there is a potential for local policy makers, agency managers, and case managers to exercise influence over the implementation of sanctions above and beyond the influence they could exert under a less decentralized system. To the extent that local political ideology does in fact shape local implementation decisions, this finding raises important questions about decentralization's potential effectiveness in achieving the goals of welfare reform (Cho et al 2005).…”