Translocation and Metabolism of Ricinine in the Castor Bean Plant, <i>Ricinus communis</i> L.

Waller, George R.; Skurský, Ladislav

doi:10.1104/pp.50.5.622

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The levels of enzyme activity were then correlated with the degree of alkaloid biosynthesis. Castor beans offered an especially good system in which to study the biosynthesis of a ovridine alkaloid, since Weevers (23) and Waller (19) have found that etiolated castor bean seedlings produced large quantities of ricinine in a short period of time. Table I.…”

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“…It would seem logical that the production of these alkaloids would require a greater de novo synthesis of pyridine nucleotide precursors than would be the case in most other plants, inasmuch as ricinine and nicotine comprise about 1% and 5% of the dry weight of Ricinus communis and Nicotiana rustica, respectively (4,19). Mizusaki et al (14) have shown that in tobacco roots the enzymes involved in the conversion of ornithine to N-methyl-A'-pyrroline, the precursor of the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine, increase in activity at about the same time that nicotine synthesis increases.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Activation of the de Novo Pathway for Pyridine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Prior to Ricinine Biosynthesis in Castor Beans

Mann¹,

Byerrum²

1974

Plant Physiol.

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The ricinine content of etiolated seedlings of Ricinus communis increased nearly 12-fold over a 4-day period. In plants quinolinic acid is an intermediate in the de novo pathway for the synthesis of pyridine nucleotides. The only known enzyme in the de noro pathway for pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, increased 6-fold in activity over a 4-day period which preceded the onset of ricinine biosynthesis by 1 day. The activity of the remainder of the pyridine nucleotide cycle enzymes in the seedlings, as monitored by the specific activity of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinamide deamidase, was similar to that found in the mature green plant. In the roots of Nicotiana rustica, where the pyridine alkaloid nicotine is synthesized, the level of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase was 38-fold higher than the level of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, whereas in most other plants examined, the specific activity of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase was similar to the level of activity of enzymes in the pyridine nucleotide cycle itself. A positive correlation therefore exists between the specific activity of a de novo pathway enzyme catalyzing pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis in Ricinus communis and Nicotiana rustica and the biosynthesis of ricinine and nicotine, respectively.Numerous in vivo studies have established that the pyridine moiety of quinolinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinic acid is directly incorporated into the alkaloids ricinine and nicotine produced by the castor bean plant and the tobacco plant, respectively (7,11,20,25,26). In plants, one metabolic pathway leading to the formation of pyridine nucleotides is the de novo pathway, involving initially the condensation of aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3-P or closely related metabolites. The condensation product of aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3-P undergoes a series of reactions leading to the formation of quinolinic acid which is then converted to pyridine nucleotides. The only known enzyme in this pathway is quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of quinolinic acid and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (7,15). The latter is then converted to NAD via nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (16). By means of the pyridine nucleotide cycle, the NAD so made in plants is eventually broken down into nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, which in a cyclic process can also be converted to nicotinic acid mononucleotide and subsequently to NAD (6,22). The known reactions of the de novo synthesis of pyridine nucleotides and the reactions of the pyridine nucleotide cycle are shown in Figure 1. Because quinolinic acid is easily converted to nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (7), and because all three compounds are excellent precursors of the pyridine alkaloids, ricinine and nicotine, the pyridine nucleotide cycle could lie between the de novo pathway for pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis and the pyridine alkaloids, as first s...

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confidence: 99%

Activation of the de Novo Pathway for Pyridine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Prior to Ricinine Biosynthesis in Castor Beans

Mann¹,

Byerrum²

1974

Plant Physiol.

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“…Ricinine is high in young leaves but disappears in senescing leaves. Ricinine content also varies among organs: 2.3 to 32.9 g kg −1 on leaves, 10.7 g kg −1 in flowers, 2.4 g kg −1 in stems, 0.16 g kg −1 in shoots, 3 g kg −1 in roots, and 0.43 to 7.0 g kg −1 in seeds (Waller et al, 1965; Waller and Skursky, 1972; Moshkin, 1986; Holfelder et al, 1998; Ali, 2002; Leite et al, 2005; Xu et al, 2007; Wen et al, 2008; Cazal et al, 2009).…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor

et al. 2012

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Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg−1), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg−1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L ha−1), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production.

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“…R. communis probably originates from Africa and was used in ancient Egypt and by the Romans and Greeks (Waller and Skursky, 1972). Apart from the highly toxic ricin and the less toxic R. communis agglutinin, the plant contains another toxic compound, the low molecular weight alkaloid ricinine (MW = 164.2 g/mol).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was first discovered and named by Tuson in the seeds of R. communis, while searching for its medically active compounds even before ricin was known. Subsequently, its chemical structure was identified and its biosynthesis and metabolism was studied (Waller and Skursky, 1972;Mann and Byerrum, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of alkaloid compounds of Ricinus communis by using gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)

Hussein¹,

Hameed²,

Jasim³

et al. 2015

J. Med. Plants Res.

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In this study, the alkaloid compounds of Ricinus communis have been evaluated. The chemical compositions of the leaf ethanol extract of R. communis were investigated using gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis of R. communis alkaloid leaf ethanol extract revealed the existence of the n-haxadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 1-hexadecanol. 2-Methyl, gibb-3-ene-1. 10decarboxylic acid , 2,4a. 7trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene, 1.4a-lactone. 10-methyl, L-valine, ethyl ester, hexadecamethyl, tetradecamethyl, octadecamethyl, butanedioic acid, hydroxyl. diethyl ester, 1.1.3.3.5.5.7.7.9.9.11.11.13.13.15.15 hexadecamethyl, triethyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, and 3-octadecene.

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Translocation and Metabolism of Ricinine in the Castor Bean Plant, Ricinus communis L.

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Activation of the de Novo Pathway for Pyridine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Prior to Ricinine Biosynthesis in Castor Beans

Activation of the de Novo Pathway for Pyridine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Prior to Ricinine Biosynthesis in Castor Beans

A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor

Determination of alkaloid compounds of Ricinus communis by using gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)

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