Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials

Fultz, B.; Howe, James M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29761-8

Cited by 283 publications

(180 citation statements)

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“…[119] Small differences are much more difficult to detect (Co and Ni). Initial experiments that retrieved more than a single density measurement per voxel involved spectroscopic methods such as EELS [120] and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (X-EDS) [121] in TEM or STEM mode. Both spectroscopic methods are very powerful for measuring elemental distributions at the nanometer scale, producing signals that conform to projection theorems.…”

Section: Advances In Et For Physical-sciences Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Tomography: A Three‐Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research

et al. 2015

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Three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis is essential to understand the relationship between the structure and function of an object. Many analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy imaging, are used to provide structural information. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one of the most popular analytic tools, has been widely used for structural analysis in both physical and biological sciences for many decades, in which 3D objects are projected into two-dimensional (2D) images. In many cases, 2D-projection images are insufficient to understand the relationship between the 3D structure and the function of nanoscale objects. Electron tomography (ET) is a technique that retrieves 3D structural information from a tilt series of 2D projections, and is gradually becoming a mature technology with sub-nanometer resolution. Distinct methods to overcome sample-based limitations have been separately developed in both physical and biological science, although they share some basic concepts of ET. This review discusses the common basis for 3D characterization, and specifies difficulties and solutions regarding both hard and soft materials research. It is hoped that novel solutions based on current state-of-the-art techniques for advanced applications in hybrid matter systems can be motivated.

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Section: Advances In Et For Physical-sciences Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Tomography: A Three‐Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research

et al. 2015

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“…This phenomenon materializes as asymmetry in the intensity profile of a K-band and makes one side of the K-band appear brighter than the other side (Williams & Carter, 2009;Fultz & Howe, 2008;Winkelmann, 2008Winkelmann, , 2009). The classical 2D WHTbased plane trace localization algorithm does not account for asymmetry; therefore, we expect the plane trace localization error, and consequently the orientation error, for real patterns to be larger than what is reported in this study.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Error analysis of the crystal orientations and disorientations obtained by the classical electron backscatter diffraction technique

et al. 2015

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The fidelity – that is, the error, precision and accuracy – of the crystallographic orientations and disorientations obtained by the classical two-dimensional Hough-transform-based analysis of electron backscatter diffraction patterns (EBSPs) is studied. Using EBSPs simulated based on the dynamical electron diffraction theory, the fidelity analysis that has been previously performed using the patterns simulated based on the theory of kinematic electron diffraction is improved. Using the same patterns, the efficacy of a Fisher-distribution-based analytical accuracy measure for orientation and disorientation is verified.

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“…where t is the averaged dimension (size) of the crystallite or the length of the column of coherently diffracting plane in the crystallite (Fultz and Howe, 2007), K is the crystallite shape constant that may depend on the specific geometry of the scattering objects, k is the wavelength of the X-ray source, h is the Bragg diffraction angle in degrees and B is the diffraction peak width proportional to FWHM located at 2h. That formula provides a crystallite size from the measured FWHM of one diffraction peak (Guinier, 1994).…”

Section: Theoretical Considerations Of X-ray Diffractometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Factorial Optimisation of the Effects of Melt Spinning Conditions on Biodegradable As-spun Aliphatic-Aromatic Co-Polyester Fibres

Younes

Fotheringham

Mather

2011

International Polymer Processing

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In order to optimize the melt spinning process of biodegradable as-spun linear aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester fibres, a fractional factorial experimental design and appropriate statistical analysis for the thirty-two screening trials involving five control parameters were used. Depending on previous studies (Younes and Fotheringham, 2011a, Younes, et al., 2009, 2010, Younes, et al., 2011b, the low melt flow index grade has been utilized in this work. Die head pressure of the extrusion machine, a range of crystallographic orders presented as full-width halfmaximum of an X-ray scattering of as-spun fibres and thermographic measurement of extruded filament in the air quench cooling window were investigated. Statistical analyses explained the relationship between, on the one hand, throughput flow rate and spinning temperature of filaments and, on the other hand, the crystallographic structure of the as-spun filaments. It has been found that spinning temperature and metering pumps speed are by far the most important factors affecting the die head pressure. Low spinning temperature leads to higher viscosity, higher flow resistance through the spinneret's nozzle and high die head pressure. Crystallographic order is affected significantly by metering pump speed, and the interaction between spinning temperature and quench air cooling speed. Metering pump speed, spinning temperature, winding speed and quench air cooling speed affect the filaments' temperature average. The obtained optimization helps to produce the most satisfactory properties in the biodegradable fibre based textiles, as environmentally-friendly attractive materials alternative to commercial chemical fibres for different applications.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials

Cited by 283 publications

References 0 publications

Electron Tomography: A Three‐Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research

Electron Tomography: A Three‐Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research

Error analysis of the crystal orientations and disorientations obtained by the classical electron backscatter diffraction technique

Factorial Optimisation of the Effects of Melt Spinning Conditions on Biodegradable As-spun Aliphatic-Aromatic Co-Polyester Fibres

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