Transnational heritage migrants in Istanbul: second-generation Turk-American and Turk-German ‘Returnees’ in their parents’ homeland

Return intentions over the life course: Evidence on the effects of life events from a longitudinal sample of first- and second-generation Turkish migrants in Germany

“…To a certain extent this might recall previous findings showing that actual return migration increases with unemployment status and duration (Bönisch, Gaffert, and Wilde 2013;Bijwaard, Schluter, and Wahba 2014;Constant and Massey 2002;Kleinepier, de Valk, and van Gaalen 2015;Kuhlenkasper and Steinhardt 2012). Once in Turkey, returnees might play the 'transnational card' represented by their multiple capital -human (languages), cultural (home and host cultures and customs), and social (networks) -which helps them find a job in Turkey that is better paid and higher on the occupational ladder (Grasmuck and Hinze 2016;Kılınç and King 2017). This result might also be driven by the increased difficulties Turkish migrants face in Germany in the aftermath of the global economic crisis, with lower job turnover and longer spells of unemployment.…”

“…For a detailed description of the Residence Act, see: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_aufenthg/englisch_aufenthg.html#p0728. 7 Several qualitative studies show that Turkish returnees, both first and second generation, experience readjustment and re-integration difficulties in Turkey at both the community and the family level (Grasmuck and Hinze 2016;King and Kılınç 2014;Kunuroglu et al 2015;Razum, Sahin-Hodoglugil, and Polit 2005). these premises, Turkish migrants' return or return intentions are hypothesised to be mainly the result of their economic failure (NE) or success (NELM) in Germany, their social and economic ties in Germany and Turkey, and social and economic contexts in both countries.…”

“…The positive effect of job loss on return migration could be even greater for the second generation, as they are generally more educated than their parents. In Turkey they can utilise their human capital (qualifications and language skills in German, Turkish, and English), cultural capital (home and host cultures and customs), and social capital (networks) and aspire to higher-skilled and better-paid job opportunities than in Germany (Grasmuck and Hinze 2016;Kılınç and King 2017;Tılıç-Rittersberger, Çelik, and Özen 2011). A return to the home country when retiring also has negative economic consequences.…”

Transnationalism and intra‐European mobility among Europe's second generation: review and research agenda

“…Second-generation migrants are a significant presence in many European countries and, in recent years, studies on their integration into these societies often also address the question of transnationalism (Bolognani 2014;Fokkema et al 2012;Hess and Korf 2014). One branch of transnational research considers the phenomenon of 'roots' or 'heritage' migration, namely second-generation migration to the ancestral home (Christou 2006;Fokkema 2011;Grasmuck and Hinze 2016;Potter 2005;Wessendorf 2013). While the actual number of roots migrants is likely to be low, these studies yield important insights into the relationship between transnational ways of being and belonging (see below).…”

Patterns and Drivers of Emigration of the Turkish Second Generation in the Netherlands

“…As a growing number of children of immigrants in Western European countries has become of age over the past decade, the scientific literature has increasingly addressed the transnational behaviour of this so-called second generation. One branch of transnational research focuses specifically on the desire of the second generation to move to the country of origin of their parents (Bettin et al, 2018;Fokkema, 2011;Grasmuck & Hinze, 2016;Groenewold & De Valk, 2017;King & Christou, 2014;Potter, 2005;Tezcan, 2019). This literature on the 'return intentions' of the second generation mainly covers the Turkish second generation, who form the largest group with a second-generation migration background in Western European societies.…”